Trends of CNS Cryptococcosis during Pre- and Post-HIV era: A 38 years' retrospective cohort analysis from south India

Shayanki Lahiri; Sayani Maji; Netravathi Manjunath; Veenakumari H Bahubali; Nagarathna Chandrashekar

doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2023.101358

Trends of CNS Cryptococcosis during Pre- and Post-HIV era: A 38 years' retrospective cohort analysis from south India

J Mycol Med. 2023 May;33(2):101358. doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2023.101358. Epub 2023 Jan 11.

Authors

Shayanki Lahiri¹, Sayani Maji¹, Netravathi Manjunath², Veenakumari H Bahubali¹, Nagarathna Chandrashekar³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India 560029.
² Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India, 560029.
³ Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India 560029. Electronic address: nagarathnachandrashekar@gmail.com.

PMID: 36701873
DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2023.101358

Abstract

Objective: Central nervous system cryptococcosis (CNSc) is an AIDS defining opportunistic infection. This retrospective study aimed to analyze the changing epidemiology of CNSc cases from the period of pre- to post-emergence of HIV epidemic in south India.

Methods: Confirmed cases of CNSc from 1978 to 2015 were analyzed for demographic and clinical details with special reference to the cases diagnosed in south India during the period 1952-1977. Geographical distribution, affected age groups, clinical aspects, and comorbidities in relation to immune status were analysed RESULTS: The highest number of CNSc cases (n = 125) were recorded in 2006, with 89.6% HIV positivity. The highest HIV-positivity (93.6%) was documented in the years 2002 and 2009. CNSc cases have majorly changed after the introduction and spread of HIV in terms of predisposing factors, comorbidities, severity, affected age groups and treatment. Notably, an overall rise was observed in non-HIV associated CNSc cases from 1997 (8.1%) to 2015 (16.9%).

Conclusion: The peak of CNSc had already reached in south India during 2005-2006. However, the number of new infections has slowly decreased in last ten years. Progressive awareness and, early diagnosis of HIV and cryptococcosis, adequate availability of HAART and potential antifungal therapy has played crucial roles in changing epidemiology of the CNSc and its associated mortality.

Keywords: CNS cryptococcosis; Changing epidemiology; Clinical presentation; Comorbidity; Demography; Emergence of HIV; Non-HIV cryptococcosis.

MeSH terms

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections* / microbiology
Central Nervous System
Cohort Studies
Cryptococcosis* / drug therapy
Cryptococcosis* / epidemiology
Cryptococcosis* / microbiology
Humans
India / epidemiology
Retrospective Studies