1 Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Munich, Germany. mansmann@ibe.med.uni-muenchen.de.
2 Université Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Rennes (CIC1414), Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset), UMR S 1085, EHESP, Rennes, France.
3 Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
4 Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.
5 Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
6 Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle Santé Publique, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Lyon, France.
7 Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
8 Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
9 Smart Data Analysis and Statistics B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands.
10 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
11 Center for Journalology, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
12 School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
13 Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
14 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
15 Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
16 Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
17 Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
18 Section of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
19 Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
20 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA.
21 European Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (ECRIN), Düsseldorf, Germany.
22 Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.