Prevalence of hypertension and correlation with mental health in women with burning mouth syndrome: A case-control study

Federica Canfora; Elena Calabria; Giuseppe Pecoraro; Stefania Leuci; Noemi Coppola; Cristina Mazzaccara; Francesca Spirito; Massimo Aria; Luca D'Aniello; Michele Davide Mignogna; Daniela Adamo

doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.969148

Prevalence of hypertension and correlation with mental health in women with burning mouth syndrome: A case-control study

Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023 Jan 20:9:969148. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.969148. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
² Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
³ CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy.
⁴ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
⁵ Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
⁶ Department of Social Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.

Abstract

Background: The relationship between hypertension (HTN) and chronic pain is still a matter of debate, and its prevalence in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has never been evaluated. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HTN in women with BMS and to evaluate its relationship with potential predictors such as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, pain, and mental health status analyzing differences with healthy women.

Methods: In total, 250 women with BMS (WBMS) were prospectively recruited and compared with an equal number of healthy women (HW) matched for age. Education, body mass index, smoke and alcohol consumption, intensity and quality of pain, and psychological profile were further investigated to identify the potential predictors of HTN. Specifically, pain assessment [the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ)] and psychological assessment [Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Anxiety (HAM-D and HAM-A), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)] was carried out for the participants.

Results: HTN was found in 128 (51.2%) WBMS and 76 (30.4%) HW (p < 0.001^**). The scores of the NRS, SF-MPQ, HAM-D, HAM-A, and PSQI were statistically significantly higher in the WBMS than in the HW (p < 0.001^**). A strongly linear correlation between HTN and employment status, systemic diseases, and education level (p < 0.001^**) was found in WBMS, while a strong correlation between HTN and employment status, hypercholesterolemia, systemic diseases, and drug consumption was found in HW (p < 0.001^**). No statistically significant correlation was found between HTN and pain, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances.

Conclusion: These results suggest that WBMS showed a higher prevalence of HTN compared with controls. Unemployed WBMS with lower education and other systemic comorbidities are at an increased risk of developing HTN. HTN is associated with alteration in the vascular structure and function of the brain, and these processes accelerate brain aging, which contributes to a reduction in intracortical connectivity, thus affecting the modulatory system of control of pain in patients with BMS, independently of their mental health assessment. Predictors that may underlie this association remain unclear, taking into account the differences found in HW, and should be further elucidated.

Keywords: burning mouth syndrome (BMS); cardiovascular risk factor; chronic orofacial pain; hypertension; women.