Glaucoma in Adults-diagnosis, Management, and Prediagnosis to End-stage, Categorizing Glaucoma's Stages: A Review

Abstract

Importance: Most frequent worldwide cause of permanent blindness is glaucoma. Early in the course of the disease, glaucoma affects many patients without any symptoms. In order to examine for indications of glaucoma and to ascertain whether systemic illnesses or drugs can raise a patient's risk of developing glaucoma, primary care practitioners should be aware of which patients to send to an eye care specialist. A review of the pathogenesis, risk factors, screening, disease monitoring, and treatment options for open-angle and narrow-angle glaucoma are included.

Observations: The optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer (rNFL) are damaged in glaucoma, a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy that can result in a permanent loss of peripheral or central vision. The only risk factor that is known to be controllable is intraocular pressure (IOP). A family history of glaucoma, older age, and non-white race are additional significant risk factors. Numerous systemic diseases and drugs, such as corticosteroids, anticholinergics, certain antidepressants, and topiramate, can put people at risk of developing glaucoma. Open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma are the two main types of disease. Measurement of IOP, perimetry, and optical coherence tomography are diagnostic procedures to evaluate glaucoma and track the course of the condition. In order to treat glaucoma, IOP must be decreased. This is possible with a variety of glaucoma medication classes, laser surgery, and incisional surgery.

Verdicts and relevance: By identifying systemic illnesses and drugs that raise a patient's chance of developing glaucoma and referring high-risk individuals for a thorough ophthalmologic examination, vision loss from glaucoma can be reduced. Clinicians should make sure that patients continue taking their glaucoma drugs as prescribed and should keep an eye out for any negative side effects from any medical or surgical procedures used to treat glaucoma.

How to cite this article: Joshi P, Dangwal A, Guleria I, et al. Glaucoma in Adults-diagnosis, Management, and Prediagnosis to End-stage, categorizing Glaucoma's Stages: A Review. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2022;16(3):170-178.

Keywords: Advanced glaucoma intervention study; Closed angle glaucoma; Collaborative initial glaucoma treatment study; Glaucoma; Glaucoma scrutility scale; Open-angle glaucoma.