Antibiotic-loaded hydroxyapatite scaffolds fabricated from Nile tilapia bones for orthopaedics

Atchara Khamkongkaeo; Arreerat Jiamprasertboon; Nanthawan Jinakul; Phatraya Srabua; Saran Tantavisut; Amaraporn Wongrakpanich

doi:10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100169

Antibiotic-loaded hydroxyapatite scaffolds fabricated from Nile tilapia bones for orthopaedics

Int J Pharm X. 2023 Feb 8:5:100169. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100169. eCollection 2023 Dec.

Authors

Atchara Khamkongkaeo¹, Arreerat Jiamprasertboon^{2

3}, Nanthawan Jinakul⁴, Phatraya Srabua⁵, Saran Tantavisut^{6

7}, Amaraporn Wongrakpanich⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
² School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
³ Institute of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
⁴ Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁵ Scientific and Technological Research Equipment Center (STREC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁶ Department of Orthopaedics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁷ Hip Fracture Research Unit, Department of Orthopaedics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁸ Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Abstract

This work aimed to develop new antibiotic-coated/ antibiotic-loaded hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffolds for orthopaedic trauma, specifically to treat the infection after fixation of skeletal fracture. The HAp scaffolds were fabricated from the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) bones and fully characterized. The HAp scaffolds were coated with 12 formulations of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) or poly (lactic acid) (PLA), blended with vancomycin. The vancomycin release, surface morphology, antibacterial properties, and the cytocompatibility of the scaffolds were conducted. The HAp powder contains elements identical to those found in human bones. This HAp powder is suitable as a starting material to build scaffolds. After the scaffold fabrication, The ratio of HAp to β-TCP changed, and the phase transformation of β-TCP to α-TCP was observed. All antibiotic-coated/ antibiotic-loaded HAp scaffolds can release vancomycin into the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. PLGA-coated scaffolds obtained faster drug release profiles than PLA-coated scaffolds. The low polymer concentration in the coating solutions (20%w/v) gave a faster drug release profile than the high polymer concentration (40%w/v). All groups showed a trace of surface erosion after being submerged in PBS for 14 days. Most of the extracts can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The extracts not only caused no cytotoxicity to Saos-2 bone cells but also can increase cell growth. This study demonstrates that it is possible to use these antibiotic-coated/ antibiotic-loaded scaffolds in the clinic as an antibiotic bead replacement.

Keywords: Antibiotic; Antibiotic-coated; Antibiotic-loaded; CLSI, The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; DI, Deionized water; DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide; F10[PLGA40-Hvanc], Formulation 10, HAp saffolds containing high concentration of vancomycin, coated with PLGA 40%w/v; F11[PLA20-Hvanc], Formulation 11, HAp saffolds containing high concentration of vancomycin, coated with PLA 20%w/v; F12[PLA40-Hvanc], Formulation 12, HAp saffolds containing high concentration of vancomycin, coated with PLA 40%w/v; F1[V-PLGA20-Lvanc], Formulation 1, HAp saffolds containing low concentration of vancomycin, coated with PLGA 20%w/v blended with vancomycin; F2[V-PLGA40-Lvanc], Formulation 2, HAp saffolds containing low concentration of vancomycin, coated with PLGA 40%w/v blended with vancomycin; F3[V-PLA20-Lvanc], Formulation 3, HAp saffolds containing low concentration of vancomycin, coated with PLA 20%w/v blended with vancomycin; F4[V-PLA40-Lvanc], Formulation 4, HAp saffolds containing low concentration of vancomycin, coated with PLA 40%w/v blended with vancomycin; F5[PLGA20-Lvanc], Formulation 5, HAp saffolds containing low concentration of vancomycin, coated with PLGA 20%w/v; F6[PLGA40-Lvanc], Formulation 6, HAp saffolds containing low concentration of vancomycin, coated with PLGA 40%w/v; F7[PLA20-Lvanc], Formulation 7, HAp saffolds containing low concentration of vancomycin, coated with PLA 20%w/v; F8[PLA40-Lvanc], Formulation 8, HAp saffolds containing low concentration of vancomycin, coated with PLA 40%w/v; F9[PLGA20-Hvanc], Formulation 9, HAp saffolds containing high concentration of vancomycin, coated with PLGA 20%w/v; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; FTIR, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy; HAp, Hydroxyapatite; Hydroxyapatite; IFSF, The infection after fixation of skeletal fracture; Nile tilapia; P.U., Polyurethane; PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline; PLA, Poly(lactic acid); PLGA, Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PVA, Polyvinyl alcohol; SEM, Scanning electron microscopy; Scaffold; Vancomycin; XRD, X-ray diffraction; XRF, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy; α-TCP, α-tricalcium phosphate; β-TCP, β-tricalcium phosphate.