Candida albicans is a commensal of the human gastrointestinal tract and a common cause of human fungal disease, including mucosal infections, such as oropharyngeal candidiasis and disseminated infections of the bloodstream and deep organs. We directly compared the in vivo transcriptional profile of C. albicans during oral infection and disseminated infection of the kidney to identify niche specific features. Overall, 97 genes were differentially expressed between the 2 infection sites. Virulence-associated genes, such as hyphae-specific transcripts, were expressed similarly in the 2 sites. Genes expressed during growth in a poor carbon source (ACS1 and PCK1) were upregulated in oral tissue relative to kidney. Most strikingly, C. albicans in oral tissue shows the transcriptional hallmarks of an iron replete state while in the kidney it is in the expected iron starved state. Interestingly, C. albicans expresses genes associated with a low zinc environment in both niches. Consistent with these expression data, strains lacking transcription factors that regulate iron responsive genes (SEF1, HAP5) have no effect on virulence in a mouse model of oral candidiasis. During microbial infection, the host sequesters iron, zinc, and other metal nutrients to suppress growth of the pathogen in a process called nutritional immunity. Our results indicate that C. albicans is subject to iron and zinc nutritional immunity during disseminated infection but not to iron nutritional immunity during oral infection. IMPORTANCE Nutritional immunity is a response by which infected host tissue sequesters nutrients, such as iron, to prevent the microbe from efficiently replicating. Microbial pathogens subjected to iron nutritional immunity express specific genes to compensate for low iron availability. By comparing the gene expression profiles of the common human fungal pathogen Candida albicans in 2 infection sites, we found that C. albicans infecting the kidney has the transcriptional profile of iron starvation. By contrast, the C. albicans expression profile during oropharyngeal infection indicates the fungus is not iron starved. Two transcription factors that activate the transcriptional response to iron starvation are not required for C. albicans virulence during oral infection but are required for disseminated infection of the kidney. Thus, our results indicate that C. albicans is subject to nutritional iron immunity during disseminated infection but not during oropharyngeal infection, and highlight niche specific differences in the host-Candida albicans interaction.
Keywords: Candida albicans; iron response; nutritional immunity; oropharyngeal candidiasis.