Introduction: For childhood strabismus, early surgical intervention improves both motor and sensory outcomes. Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection is an alternative to incisional surgery that is fast, less invasive, and preserves a more normal biomechanical construct. This study was undertaken to assess the safety and effectiveness of BTX-A for horizontal concomitant strabismus in children in our institution.
Patients and methods: Records of all children less than age 18 years with follow-up at least 12 months who were treated with BTX-A for horizontal concomitant strabismus at Beijing Children's Hospital between December 2014 and February 2021 were reviewed retrospectively. Bilateral injections of BTX-A (Henli, 1.25 IU to 5 IU/0.1 ml) were made into the medial or lateral rectus muscles according to the angle of deviation. Reinjection was permitted if the initial alignment was not satisfactory within 1 to 6 months post-injection. Motor success was defined as a final misalignment ≤10 PD. Sensory success was defined as the presence of any evidence of sensory fusion, distance stereopsis, or near stereopsis at the last visit.
Results: Seventy-one patients were included. Fifty-two had esotropia, and 19 had exotropia. There was a significant decrease in the angle of deviation in all treated patients. The overall motor success rate was 60.6%. The motor success rate was highest in children with esotropia <50 PD (81.5%). Motor success was better for children with partially accommodative esotropia and acquired non-accommodative esotropia (80%, 83.3%, respectively) than for children with infantile esotropia (47.4%). Compared with the esotropia group, the fusion was significantly higher in the exotropia group (p = .007), and the proportion of patients with stereoacuity of better than 100 sec arc was higher also in the exotropia group (71.4%, p = .007), evidence of sensory outcomes were significantly better in the exotropia group. Complications were few. Twenty patients (28.2%) developed transient ptosis after injections; transient vertical deviations were seen in 3 patients (4.2%); and subconjunctival hemorrhage was seen in 5 patients (7%).
Conclusions: BTX-A appears to be an effective treatment for the management of horizontal strabismus with motor outcomes best in children with acquired smaller-angle esodeviations. Children with exodeviations had better sensory outcomes in this cohort. A randomized controlled study comparing incisional surgery to BTX-A will be important for guiding future treatment decisions.
Keywords: Botulinum toxin A; childhood strabismus; horizontal concomitant strabismus; motor outcome; sensory outcome.