The association between self-reported sleep problems, infection, and antibiotic use in patients in general practice

Ingeborg Forthun; Knut Eirik Ringheim Eliassen; Knut Erik Emberland; Bjørn Bjorvatn

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1033034

The association between self-reported sleep problems, infection, and antibiotic use in patients in general practice

Front Psychiatry. 2023 Mar 2:14:1033034. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1033034. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Ingeborg Forthun^{1

2}, Knut Eirik Ringheim Eliassen¹, Knut Erik Emberland¹, Bjørn Bjorvatn^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
² Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
³ Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.

Abstract

Objectives: There is emerging evidence that sleep problems and short sleep duration increase the risk of infection. We aimed to assess whether chronic insomnia disorder, chronic sleep problems, sleep duration and circadian preference based on self-report were associated with risk of infections and antibiotic use among patients visiting their general practitioner (GP).

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,848 unselected patients in Norway visiting their GP during 2020.The patients completed a one-page questionnaire while waiting for the consultation, that included the validated Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS), questions on self-assessed sleep problem, sleep duration and circadian preference and whether they have had any infections or used antibiotics in the last 3 months. Relative risks (RR) were estimated using modified Poisson regression models.

Results: The risk of infection was 27% (95% CI RR 1.11-1.46) and 44% higher (95% CI 1.12-1.84) in patients sleeping < 6 h and >9 h, respectively, compared to those sleeping 7-8 h. The risk was also increased in patients with chronic insomnia disorder or a chronic sleep problem. For antibiotic use, the risk was higher for patients sleeping < 6 h, and for those with chronic insomnia disorder or a chronic sleep problem.

Conclusions: Among patients visiting their GP, short sleep duration, chronic insomnia and chronic sleep problem based on self-report were associated with higher prevalence of infection and antibiotic use. These findings support the notion of a strong association between sleep and infection.

Keywords: antibiotics; infection; insomnia; primary care; sleep initiation and maintenance disorders.