Immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancers: advances, challenges, and countermeasures

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510060, China.
• ² Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17165, Sweden.
• ³ Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan. Electronic address: tsubata.imm@mri.tmd.ac.jp.
• ⁴ Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510060, China. Electronic address: xurh@sysucc.org.cn.