Oral status and incident functional disability: A 9-year prospective cohort study from the JAGES

Abstract

Introduction: The population-attributable risk of oral status for incident functional disability remains unknown. We investigated the impact of a range of oral statuses (number of remaining teeth, chewing difficulty, dry mouth, and choking) on incident functional disability.

Methods: Participants (n = 44,083) aged ≥ 65 years from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study were evaluated. The outcome variable was incident functional disability, and the explanatory variables were four select oral statuses. The possible confounders were included as covariates. Using the Cox proportional hazards model, we calculated hazard ratios (HRs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and their population-attributable fractions (PAFs).

Results: The mean age of the participants was 73.7 (standard deviation=6.0) years at baseline, and 53.2% were women. A total of 8,091 participants (18.4%) developed functional disabilities during the follow-up period. Among the four oral statuses, the incidence rate of functional disability was the highest in those with chewing difficulty (3.27/100 person-years), followed by those with dry mouth (3.20/100 person-years), choking (3.10/100 person-years), and ≤19 remaining teeth (2.89/100 person-years). After adjusting for all covariates, chewing difficulty showed the highest risk of functional disability (HR=1.22, 95%CI=1.16-1.28), followed by ≤19 remaining teeth (HR=1.18, 95%CI=1.12-1.25), dry mouth (HR=1.18, 95%CI=1.12-1.24), and choking (HR=1.10, 95%CI=1.04-1.17). Regarding PAF, ≤19 remaining teeth (12.0%) were the largest, followed by chewing difficulty (7.2%), dry mouth (4.6%), and choking (1.9%).

Conclusions: Maintaining a good oral status may reduce the risk of functional disability later in life. Given its population contribution, tooth loss had the largest impact among the four oral conditions.

Keywords: Cohort study; Independent living; Long-term care; Oral health.