Are all reasons for living made equally? Reasons for living and dysfunctional attitudes in psychotic disorders and bipolar I

Abstract

Objectives: Persons with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or bipolar I disorder are more likely to die by suicide compared to the general population. Dysfunctional attitudes have been shown to be significant predictors of cognitive vulnerability to depression, hopelessness, and poor problem-solving skills, which predict suicidal ideation. Dysfunctional attitudes are common in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) and bipolar I. The Reasons for Living Inventory (RFLI) examines distinct reasons for not dying by suicide. This study's objectives were to examine the relationship between the RFLI subscales and dysfunctional attitudes among persons with SSDs and bipolar I. We hypothesized significant positive correlations between two RFLI subscales (Fear of Suicide and Fear of Social Disapproval) and total score on the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). We did not expect significant correlations between other subscales.

Design and methods: This correlational, cross-sectional study examined baseline scores on the RFLI and dysfunctional attitudes (DAS) among N = 102 outpatients with SSDs or bipolar I.

Results: Significant positive correlations were observed between RFLI subscales Fear of Suicide and Fear of Social Disapproval and DAS total scores. No other significant relationships were observed.

Conclusions: Certain reasons for living (i.e. fear of suicide and social disapproval) may be associated with dysfunctional attitudes among persons with SSDs or bipolar I. These, in turn, may place these individuals at a greater risk for suicide by increasing their cognitive vulnerability. These findings may inform clinical treatment targets for persons with SSDs and bipolar I.

Keywords: bipolar I; dysfunctional attitudes; psychosis; reasons for living; schizoaffective; schizophrenia; suicide prevention.