COVID-19-Associated Misinformation Across the South Asian Diaspora: Qualitative Study of WhatsApp Messages

Anjana E Sharma; Kiran Khosla; Kameswari Potharaju; Arnab Mukherjea; Urmimala Sarkar

doi:10.2196/38607

COVID-19-Associated Misinformation Across the South Asian Diaspora: Qualitative Study of WhatsApp Messages

JMIR Infodemiology. 2023 Jan 5:3:e38607. doi: 10.2196/38607. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Anjana E Sharma^{1

2}, Kiran Khosla³, Kameswari Potharaju⁴, Arnab Mukherjea⁵, Urmimala Sarkar^{2

6}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Family and Community Medicine University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States.
² Center for Vulnerable Populations at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States.
³ School of Public Health Boston University Boston, MA United States.
⁴ University of California Berkeley, CA United States.
⁵ Department of Public Health California State University East Bay Hayward, CA United States.
⁶ Division of General Internal Medicine at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA United States.

PMID: 37113380
PMCID: PMC10013129
DOI: 10.2196/38607

Abstract

Background: South Asians, inclusive of individuals originating in India, Pakistan, Maldives, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Nepal, comprise the largest diaspora in the world, with large South Asian communities residing in the Caribbean, Africa, Europe, and elsewhere. There is evidence that South Asian communities have disproportionately experienced COVID-19 infections and mortality. WhatsApp, a free messaging app, is widely used in transnational communication within the South Asian diaspora. Limited studies exist on COVID-19-related misinformation specific to the South Asian community on WhatsApp. Understanding communication on WhatsApp may improve public health messaging to address COVID-19 disparities among South Asian communities worldwide.

Objective: We developed the COVID-19-Associated misinfoRmation On Messaging apps (CAROM) study to identify messages containing misinformation about COVID-19 shared via WhatsApp.

Methods: We collected messages forwarded globally through WhatsApp from self-identified South Asian community members between March 23 and June 3, 2021. We excluded messages that were in languages other than English, did not contain misinformation, or were not relevant to COVID-19. We deidentified each message and coded them for one or more content categories, media types (eg, video, image, text, web link, or a combination of these elements), and tone (eg, fearful, well intentioned, or pleading). We then performed a qualitative content analysis to arrive at key themes of COVID-19 misinformation.

Results: We received 108 messages; 55 messages met the inclusion criteria for the final analytic sample; 32 (58%) contained text, 15 (27%) contained images, and 13 (24%) contained video. Content analysis revealed the following themes: "community transmission" relating to misinformation on how COVID-19 spreads in the community; "prevention" and "treatment," including Ayurvedic and traditional remedies for how to prevent or treat COVID-19 infection; and messaging attempting to sell "products or services" to prevent or cure COVID-19. Messages varied in audience from the general public to South Asians specifically; the latter included messages alluding to South Asian pride and solidarity. Scientific jargon and references to major organizations and leaders in health care were included to provide credibility. Messages with a pleading tone encouraged users to forward them to friends or family.

Conclusions: Misinformation in the South Asian community on WhatsApp spreads erroneous ideas regarding disease transmission, prevention, and treatment. Content evoking solidarity, "trustworthy" sources, and encouragement to forward messages may increase the spread of misinformation. Public health outlets and social media companies must actively combat misinformation to address health disparities among the South Asian diaspora during the COVID-19 pandemic and in future public health emergencies.

Keywords: Asian; COVID-19; English; South Asians; WhatsApp; apps; communication; community; disparities; health; health information; infodemiology; messages; misinformation; organization; pandemic; public health; reliability; social media.

©Anjana E Sharma, Kiran Khosla, Kameswari Potharaju, Arnab Mukherjea, Urmimala Sarkar. Originally published in JMIR Infodemiology (https://infodemiology.jmir.org), 05.01.2023.