Asia-Pacific consensus recommendations for application of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes management

Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023 Jul:201:110718. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110718. Epub 2023 May 23.

Abstract

Glucose monitoring has evolved from self-monitoring of blood glucose to glycated hemoglobin, and the latest continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). A key challenge to adoption of CGM for management of diabetes in Asia is the lack of regional CGM recommendations. Hence, thirteen diabetes-specialists from eight Asia-Pacific (APAC) countries/regions convened to formulate evidence-based, APAC-specific CGM recommendations for individuals with diabetes. We defined CGM metrics/targets and developed 13 guiding-statements on use of CGM in: (1) people with diabetes on intensive insulin therapy, and (2) people with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin with/without glucose lowering drugs. Continual use of CGM is recommended in individuals with diabetes on intensive insulin therapy and suboptimal glycemic control, or at high risk of problematic hypoglycemia. Continual/intermittent CGM may also be considered in individuals with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin regimen and with suboptimal glycemic control. In this paper, we provided guidance for optimizing CGM in special populations/situations, including elderly, pregnancy, Ramadan-fasting, newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, and comorbid renal disease. Statements on remote CGM, and stepwise interpretation of CGM data were also developed. Two Delphi surveys were conducted to rate the agreement on statements. The current APAC-specific CGM recommendations provide useful guidance for optimizing use of CGM in the region.

Keywords: Asia; Continuous glucose monitoring; Diabetes mellitus; Oceania; Practice guidelines; Time-in-range.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Blood Glucose
  • Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring
  • Consensus
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1* / drug therapy
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / drug therapy
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Hypoglycemic Agents / therapeutic use
  • Insulin / adverse effects
  • Insulin, Regular, Human / therapeutic use
  • Pregnancy

Substances

  • Blood Glucose
  • Insulin
  • Insulin, Regular, Human
  • Hypoglycemic Agents