Purpose Most malignant effusion is secondary to metastases to the pleura or peritoneum and portend poor oncological outcomes. Malignant effusion has different tumor microenvironment from primary tumor, containing a variety of cytokines and immune cells and directly contacting with tumor cells. However, the characteristic of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in malignant effusion remains unclear. Methods Malignant effusion including peritoneal ascites and pleural fluid from thirty-five patients with malignant tumor were collected and compared with matched blood. A detailed characterization of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in malignant effusion were conducted using flow cytometry and multiple cytokines assay. Results The concentration of IL-6 in malignant effusion was significantly higher than in blood. A substantial portion of T cells in malignant effusion were CD69+ and/ or CD103+ Trm cells. Most CD4+T and CD8+T cells in malignant effusion were exhausted T cells which expressed lower levels of cytokines, cytotoxic molecules and markedly higher levels of inhibitory receptor PD-1 compared with in blood. Conclusion Our study is the first to identify the presence of Trm cells in malignant effusion and will lay the foundation for future research on anti-tumor immunity of Trm cells in malignant effusion.
Keywords: Cancer.; Malignant effusion; PD-1; Tissue resident memory T cells.
© The author(s).