1 Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
2 Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
3 Grayken Center for Addiction, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
4 AMERSA, Inc, RI, USA.
5 Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
6 Program for Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge, and Advocacy (PARCKA), Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
7 Vulnerable Veteran Innovative Patient-Aligned-Care-Team, Informatics, Decision-Enhancement and Analytic Center, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
8 VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.