Development of Phonemically Balanced Passage, Oral Passage, and Nasal Passage in the Punjabi Language

Preeti Sharma; Anuradha Sharma; Sanjay Kumar Munjal; Satyawati Mohindra; Deepti Gupta; S P Singh

doi:10.1007/s12070-023-03509-7

Development of Phonemically Balanced Passage, Oral Passage, and Nasal Passage in the Punjabi Language

Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023 Jun;75(2):825-834. doi: 10.1007/s12070-023-03509-7. Epub 2023 Feb 4.

Authors

Preeti Sharma¹, Anuradha Sharma¹, Sanjay Kumar Munjal¹, Satyawati Mohindra¹, Deepti Gupta², S P Singh³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Otolaryngology, PGIMER, Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012 India.
² Department of English and Cultural Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
³ Oral Health Sciences Center, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

Abstract

The primary aim of the study was to develop phonemically balanced passage, Oral passage and Nasal passage in Punjabi language. Development of the passage: The words in the passage were chosen to represent the way sounds are distributed in spoken Punjabi language, and the relative phonemic distribution of each word inside each paragraph matched how frequently each sound occurs in Punjabi. The paragraph was constructed using words that were rated as extremely familiar and familiar. The developed passages were given to five speech-language pathologists for the purpose of content validation. 100 people with normal hearing between the ages of 18 and 25 were enrolled in the study (50 female and 50 male). Each subject's nasalence was measured using a Nasometer. The individuals were given passages written in Punjabi to read, and their nasalence scores for each text were recorded. The nasalance mean for Punjabi phonemically balanced passage was 36.41 ± 4.61% and 38.57 ± 4.22% in male and female subjects. The Punjabi oral passage mean were 27.36 ± 4.14% and 28.46 ± 4.01% in male and female subjects. The means for Punjabi nasal passage were 46.15 ± 4.09% in male subjects and 47.04 ± 4.91% in the female subjects. The Intraclass correlation coefficient for Female and male subjects for the Punjabi Phonemically balanced passage, Punjabi oral passage, Punjabi nasal passage were 0.904, 0.945; 0.807, 0.909, and 0.956, 0.913 respectively. The developed passages have good test retest reliability and their normative scores can be used for assessment of different resonance disorders.

Keywords: Nasal passage; Nasometer; Oral passage; Phonemically balanced; Punjabi articulation test; Speech intelligibility; Velopharynx.

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