Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults

doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2301601

Randomized Controlled Trial

. 2023 Aug 3;389(5):418-429.

doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2301601. Epub 2023 Jun 16.

Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults

Matthew E Prekker¹, Brian E Driver¹, Stacy A Trent¹, Daniel Resnick-Ault¹, Kevin P Seitz¹, Derek W Russell¹, John P Gaillard¹, Andrew J Latimer¹, Shekhar A Ghamande¹, Kevin W Gibbs¹, Derek J Vonderhaar¹, Micah R Whitson¹, Christopher R Barnes¹, Jeremy P Walco¹, Ivor S Douglas¹, Vijay Krishnamoorthy¹, Alon Dagan¹, Jill J Bastman¹, Bradley D Lloyd¹, Sheetal Gandotra¹, Jordan K Goranson¹, Steven H Mitchell¹, Heath D White¹, Jessica A Palakshappa¹, Alyssa Espinera¹, David B Page¹, Aaron Joffe¹, Sydney J Hansen¹, Christopher G Hughes¹, Tobias George¹, J Taylor Herbert¹, Nathan I Shapiro¹, Steven G Schauer¹, Brit J Long¹, Brant Imhoff¹, Li Wang¹, Jillian P Rhoads¹, Kelsey N Womack¹, David R Janz¹, Wesley H Self¹, Todd W Rice¹, Adit A Ginde¹, Jonathan D Casey¹, Matthew W Semler¹; DEVICE Investigators and the Pragmatic Critical Care Research Group

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

DEVICE Investigators and the Pragmatic Critical Care Research Group:
Shekhar A Ghamande, Heath D White, Alfredo Vazquez, Juan Sanchez, Conner Moslander, Alejandro C Arroliga, Zenia Sattar, Carl Bothel, Hanish Patel, Abirami Subramanian, Calli Bertschy, Eugene Quaye, Adam Letvin, Jennifer Perry, Hannah Shine, Shreyas Boddu, Nithin Kessireddy, Amanpreet Kaur, Alon Dagan, Nathan I Shapiro, Carlo Ottanelli, Nadim Kattouf, Kim Redman, Ana Grafals, Madhavan Das, Alexander Weingart, Joseph Colucci, David Applebaum, John Lee, Brit J Long, Steven G Schauer, Stacy A Trent, Ivor S Douglas, Tobias George, Carol Lynn Lyle, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, J Taylor Herbert, Bryan Chow, Ethan Garrigan, Vincent Ciampi, Cynthia Irby, Matthew E Prekker, Brian E Driver, Sydney J Hansen, Audrey Hendrickson, Stephen Douglas, Kowsar Hurreh, Leyla Taghizadeh, Derek J Vonderhaar, Alyssa Espinera, Derek W Russell, Sheetal Gandotra, Micah R Whitson, David B Page, Sarah W Robison, Anna Altz-Stamm, Mary Clay Boone, Robert B Johnson, Geri-Anne Warman, Jennifer J Oswald, Jerrod Isbell, Anne Merrill Mason, Gina White, Drew Robinson, Jordan Minish, Reed Lahaye, Edwin Gunn, Abdulhakim Tlimat, Tyler Greathouse, Luis L Tatem, Christopher Richardson, Austin Oslock, John Patrick Simmons, Morgan Locy, Ryan Goetz, Daniel Sullivan, Ross Schumacher, Melissa Jordan, Jonathan Kalehoff, Anneka Hutton, Daniel Kelmenson, Meena Sridhar, Ahmed Salem, Aneesah B Jaumally, Ishan Lalani, William S Stigler, Phillip J O'Reilly, Donna S Harris, Cara E Porter, Sonya Hardy, Puneet Aulakh, Joseph B Barney, Joseph Chiles 3rd, Bryan Garcia, Aditya Kotecha, Takudzwa Mkorombindo, Peter Morris, Kinner Patel, R Chad Wade, Carla Copeland, Drew Vestri, Kelsey Jones, Regina Oliver, Megan Shelton, Reagan Isbell, Lisa Sarratt, Nicole Walker, Stephanie Powell, Great Peagler-Sims, Megan Crumpton, Laquata Boswell, Diane Freeman, Michael C Kurz, Shannon W Stephens, Timothy M Smith, Daniel Resnick-Ault, Jill J Bastman, Adit A Ginde, Cori Withers, Ashley Licursi, Aimee Steinwand, Christian Perez, Andrew J Latimer, Steven H Mitchell, Christopher R Barnes, Aaron Joffe, Layla A Anderson, Thomas C Paulsen, Itay Bentov, Maranda Newton, Megan Fuentes, Emma Shuster, Sarah Stucky, Jonathan D Casey, Liza M Frawley, Margaret A Hays, Christopher G Hughes, Brant Imhoff, Christina Kampe, Christopher J Lindsell, Bradley D Lloyd, Tanya K Marvi, Edward T Qian, Colleen M Ratcliff, Jillian P Rhoads, Todd W Rice, Kevin P Seitz, Wesley H Self, Matthew W Semler, Li Wang, Jeremy P Walco, Kelsey N Womack, Jacob A Wood, Kevin W Gibbs, Jessica A Palakshappa, John P Gaillard, Jordan Kugler Goranson, Madeline Hicks, Haileigh Henson, Savanna Burgess, Benjamin Richards, Matthew Strong, Charles Yarbrough, Paul Finkelstein, Aaron Pickens, Andrew Namen, Arjun Chatterjee, Christina Bellinger, Chad Marion, Dustin Norton, Gnanaraj Joseph, Jennifer Krall, Jill Ohar, Karl Thomas, Katherine Gershner, Lethlogonolo Tlhabano, Matthew Miles, Peter J Miller, Rita Bakhru, Rodolfo Pascual, Simanta Dutta, Travis Dotson, Wendy Moore, William Mariencheck, Adam Schertz, Amy Amornmarn, Ashley Eisner, Aubrae Isenhart, Chance Lewis, Christopher Chou, Dhishna Chaudhary Manam, Himanshu Rawal, Kang Xiang, Nathanael Phillips, Sarah Maus, Syed Arif Mahmood, William Meredith, William Merwin, Iaswarya Ganapathiraju, Tarun Kapoor, Erin Staples, Andrew Petrilli, Scott Rose, Stacy A Trent, David R Janz, David Janz, Jillian Rhoads, Kelsey Womack, Matthew S Shotwell, Shekhar Ghamande, Heath White, Nathan Shapiro, Steven Schauer, Brit Long, Michael April, Ivor Douglas, J Taylor Hebert, Susan Stempek, Anthony Gray Jr, Matthew Exline, Caleb Taylor, Akram Khan, Sheetal Sheetal, Gandotra Gandotra, Neil Aggarwal, Jason Brainard, Kevin Doerschug, Kevin Seitz, Jessica Palakshappa

Affiliation

¹ From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).

PMID: 37326325
PMCID: PMC11075576
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2301601

Randomized Controlled Trial

Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults

Matthew E Prekker et al. N Engl J Med. 2023.

. 2023 Aug 3;389(5):418-429.

doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2301601. Epub 2023 Jun 16.

Authors

Collaborators

DEVICE Investigators and the Pragmatic Critical Care Research Group:
Shekhar A Ghamande, Heath D White, Alfredo Vazquez, Juan Sanchez, Conner Moslander, Alejandro C Arroliga, Zenia Sattar, Carl Bothel, Hanish Patel, Abirami Subramanian, Calli Bertschy, Eugene Quaye, Adam Letvin, Jennifer Perry, Hannah Shine, Shreyas Boddu, Nithin Kessireddy, Amanpreet Kaur, Alon Dagan, Nathan I Shapiro, Carlo Ottanelli, Nadim Kattouf, Kim Redman, Ana Grafals, Madhavan Das, Alexander Weingart, Joseph Colucci, David Applebaum, John Lee, Brit J Long, Steven G Schauer, Stacy A Trent, Ivor S Douglas, Tobias George, Carol Lynn Lyle, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, J Taylor Herbert, Bryan Chow, Ethan Garrigan, Vincent Ciampi, Cynthia Irby, Matthew E Prekker, Brian E Driver, Sydney J Hansen, Audrey Hendrickson, Stephen Douglas, Kowsar Hurreh, Leyla Taghizadeh, Derek J Vonderhaar, Alyssa Espinera, Derek W Russell, Sheetal Gandotra, Micah R Whitson, David B Page, Sarah W Robison, Anna Altz-Stamm, Mary Clay Boone, Robert B Johnson, Geri-Anne Warman, Jennifer J Oswald, Jerrod Isbell, Anne Merrill Mason, Gina White, Drew Robinson, Jordan Minish, Reed Lahaye, Edwin Gunn, Abdulhakim Tlimat, Tyler Greathouse, Luis L Tatem, Christopher Richardson, Austin Oslock, John Patrick Simmons, Morgan Locy, Ryan Goetz, Daniel Sullivan, Ross Schumacher, Melissa Jordan, Jonathan Kalehoff, Anneka Hutton, Daniel Kelmenson, Meena Sridhar, Ahmed Salem, Aneesah B Jaumally, Ishan Lalani, William S Stigler, Phillip J O'Reilly, Donna S Harris, Cara E Porter, Sonya Hardy, Puneet Aulakh, Joseph B Barney, Joseph Chiles 3rd, Bryan Garcia, Aditya Kotecha, Takudzwa Mkorombindo, Peter Morris, Kinner Patel, R Chad Wade, Carla Copeland, Drew Vestri, Kelsey Jones, Regina Oliver, Megan Shelton, Reagan Isbell, Lisa Sarratt, Nicole Walker, Stephanie Powell, Great Peagler-Sims, Megan Crumpton, Laquata Boswell, Diane Freeman, Michael C Kurz, Shannon W Stephens, Timothy M Smith, Daniel Resnick-Ault, Jill J Bastman, Adit A Ginde, Cori Withers, Ashley Licursi, Aimee Steinwand, Christian Perez, Andrew J Latimer, Steven H Mitchell, Christopher R Barnes, Aaron Joffe, Layla A Anderson, Thomas C Paulsen, Itay Bentov, Maranda Newton, Megan Fuentes, Emma Shuster, Sarah Stucky, Jonathan D Casey, Liza M Frawley, Margaret A Hays, Christopher G Hughes, Brant Imhoff, Christina Kampe, Christopher J Lindsell, Bradley D Lloyd, Tanya K Marvi, Edward T Qian, Colleen M Ratcliff, Jillian P Rhoads, Todd W Rice, Kevin P Seitz, Wesley H Self, Matthew W Semler, Li Wang, Jeremy P Walco, Kelsey N Womack, Jacob A Wood, Kevin W Gibbs, Jessica A Palakshappa, John P Gaillard, Jordan Kugler Goranson, Madeline Hicks, Haileigh Henson, Savanna Burgess, Benjamin Richards, Matthew Strong, Charles Yarbrough, Paul Finkelstein, Aaron Pickens, Andrew Namen, Arjun Chatterjee, Christina Bellinger, Chad Marion, Dustin Norton, Gnanaraj Joseph, Jennifer Krall, Jill Ohar, Karl Thomas, Katherine Gershner, Lethlogonolo Tlhabano, Matthew Miles, Peter J Miller, Rita Bakhru, Rodolfo Pascual, Simanta Dutta, Travis Dotson, Wendy Moore, William Mariencheck, Adam Schertz, Amy Amornmarn, Ashley Eisner, Aubrae Isenhart, Chance Lewis, Christopher Chou, Dhishna Chaudhary Manam, Himanshu Rawal, Kang Xiang, Nathanael Phillips, Sarah Maus, Syed Arif Mahmood, William Meredith, William Merwin, Iaswarya Ganapathiraju, Tarun Kapoor, Erin Staples, Andrew Petrilli, Scott Rose, Stacy A Trent, David R Janz, David Janz, Jillian Rhoads, Kelsey Womack, Matthew S Shotwell, Shekhar Ghamande, Heath White, Nathan Shapiro, Steven Schauer, Brit Long, Michael April, Ivor Douglas, J Taylor Hebert, Susan Stempek, Anthony Gray Jr, Matthew Exline, Caleb Taylor, Akram Khan, Sheetal Sheetal, Gandotra Gandotra, Neil Aggarwal, Jason Brainard, Kevin Doerschug, Kevin Seitz, Jessica Palakshappa

Affiliation

¹ From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).

PMID: 37326325
PMCID: PMC11075576
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2301601

Abstract

Background: Whether video laryngoscopy as compared with direct laryngoscopy increases the likelihood of successful tracheal intubation on the first attempt among critically ill adults is uncertain.

Methods: In a multicenter, randomized trial conducted at 17 emergency departments and intensive care units (ICUs), we randomly assigned critically ill adults undergoing tracheal intubation to the video-laryngoscope group or the direct-laryngoscope group. The primary outcome was successful intubation on the first attempt. The secondary outcome was the occurrence of severe complications during intubation; severe complications were defined as severe hypoxemia, severe hypotension, new or increased vasopressor use, cardiac arrest, or death.

Results: The trial was stopped for efficacy at the time of the single preplanned interim analysis. Among 1417 patients who were included in the final analysis (91.5% of whom underwent intubation that was performed by an emergency medicine resident or a critical care fellow), successful intubation on the first attempt occurred in 600 of the 705 patients (85.1%) in the video-laryngoscope group and in 504 of the 712 patients (70.8%) in the direct-laryngoscope group (absolute risk difference, 14.3 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.9 to 18.7; P<0.001). A total of 151 patients (21.4%) in the video-laryngoscope group and 149 patients (20.9%) in the direct-laryngoscope group had a severe complication during intubation (absolute risk difference, 0.5 percentage points; 95% CI, -3.9 to 4.9). Safety outcomes, including esophageal intubation, injury to the teeth, and aspiration, were similar in the two groups.

Conclusions: Among critically ill adults undergoing tracheal intubation in an emergency department or ICU, the use of a video laryngoscope resulted in a higher incidence of successful intubation on the first attempt than the use of a direct laryngoscope. (Funded by the U.S. Department of Defense; DEVICE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05239195.).

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Figures

**Figure 1.. Cumulative Incidence of Successful Intubation on the First Attempt.**
Shown are the cumulative incidence and 95% confidence intervals (shaded areas) for successful intubation on the first attempt among patients in each trial group relative to the time since the initial insertion of a laryngoscope blade into the mouth. Successful intubation on the first attempt occurred in 600 of 705 patients in the video-laryngoscope group and in 504 of 712 patients in the direct-laryngoscope group (absolute risk difference, 14.3 percentage points; 95% CI, 9.9 to 18.7; P<0.001 by the chi-square test).

**Figure 2.. Subgroup Analyses of the Primary Outcome.**
Shown are the absolute risk differences and 95% confidence intervals for the primary outcome (successful intubation on the first attempt) in the video-laryngoscope group as compared with the direct-laryngoscope group in each prespecified subgroup. Absolute risk differences were calculated with the use of a generalized linear mixed-effects model with a random effect for trial site and fixed effects for trial group, the proposed effect modifier, and the interaction between the trial group and the proposed effect modifier. Absolute risk differences of greater than 0 indicate a higher likelihood of successful intubation on the first attempt with use of a video laryngoscope. The body-mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.

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References

1. Pfuntner A, Wier LM, Stocks C. Most frequent procedures performed in U.S. hospitals, 2011. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, October 2013 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK174682/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK174682.pdf). - PubMed
1. Cairns C, Kang K, Santo L. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2018 emergency department summary tables. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics; (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhamcs/web_tables/2018-ed-web-tables-508.pdf).
1. Mort TC. Emergency tracheal intubation: complications associated with repeated laryngoscopic attempts. Anesth Analg 2004;99:6 07–13. - PubMed
1. Sakles JC, Chiu S, Mosier J, Walker C, Stolz U. The importance of first pass success when performing orotracheal intubation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2013; 20:71–8. - PMC - PubMed
1. Russotto V, Myatra SN, Laffey JG, et al. Intubation practices and adverse peri-intubation events in critically ill patients from 29 countries. JAMA 2021; 325:1164–72. - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Pfuntner A, Wier LM, Stocks C. Most frequent procedures performed in U.S. hospitals, 2011. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, October 2013 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK174682/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK174682.pdf). - PubMed

[2] Pfuntner A, Wier LM, Stocks C. Most frequent procedures performed in U.S. hospitals, 2011. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, October 2013 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK174682/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK174682.pdf). - PubMed

[3] Cairns C, Kang K, Santo L. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2018 emergency department summary tables. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics; (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhamcs/web_tables/2018-ed-web-tables-508.pdf).

[4] Cairns C, Kang K, Santo L. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2018 emergency department summary tables. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics; (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhamcs/web_tables/2018-ed-web-tables-508.pdf).

[5] Mort TC. Emergency tracheal intubation: complications associated with repeated laryngoscopic attempts. Anesth Analg 2004;99:6 07–13. - PubMed

[6] Mort TC. Emergency tracheal intubation: complications associated with repeated laryngoscopic attempts. Anesth Analg 2004;99:6 07–13. - PubMed

[7] Sakles JC, Chiu S, Mosier J, Walker C, Stolz U. The importance of first pass success when performing orotracheal intubation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2013; 20:71–8. - PMC - PubMed

[8] Sakles JC, Chiu S, Mosier J, Walker C, Stolz U. The importance of first pass success when performing orotracheal intubation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2013; 20:71–8. - PMC - PubMed

[9] Russotto V, Myatra SN, Laffey JG, et al. Intubation practices and adverse peri-intubation events in critically ill patients from 29 countries. JAMA 2021; 325:1164–72. - PMC - PubMed

[10] Russotto V, Myatra SN, Laffey JG, et al. Intubation practices and adverse peri-intubation events in critically ill patients from 29 countries. JAMA 2021; 325:1164–72. - PMC - PubMed

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Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults

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Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults

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