Kratom withdrawal: Discussions and conclusions of a scientific expert forum

Affiliations

• ¹ PinneyAssociates, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
• ² Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
• ³ Departments of Psychiatry and Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, United States.
• ⁴ Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
• ⁵ Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
• ⁶ Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
• ⁷ Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
• ⁸ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States.
• ⁹ Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
• ¹⁰ Real-World Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States.
• ¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
• ¹² Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
• ¹³ Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, United States.