Ferroptosis, a new pathogenetic mechanism in cardiometabolic diseases and cancer: Is there a role for statin therapy?

Abstract

One of the newly recognized types of cell death is ferroptosis which is related to the accumulation of iron and lipid-reactive oxygen species. Ferroptosis is considered a programmed cell death with a different mechanism from apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis may occur in the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Statins are the first-line therapy for dyslipidemia. The suppression of the HMG-CoA reductase by statins leads to decreased expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), a key regulator of lipid peroxidation, which in turn results in lipid ROS production and induction of ferroptosis. Experimental data suggest that statins may act as anti-cancer drugs by enhancing tumor cells' ferroptosis. In contrast, statins have also been reported to mitigate ferroptosis in animal models of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and heart failure. This mini-review presents statin effects on the ferroptosis pathway, based on up-to-date in vivo and in vitro research. Furthermore, the potential impact of these effects on cardiometabolic diseases (e.g., CVD and NAFLD) and cancer is briefly discussed. Overall, there is a need for future studies focusing on statin-induced changes in ferroptosis as a therapeutic approach to such diseases.

Keywords: Cancer; Cardiovascular disease; Ferroptosis; Neurodegenerative diseases; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Statins.