Leg-Length and Alignment Changes in Children and Adolescents After Transphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Soft Tissue Graft: Results at 1-Year Follow-up

Alexander H Seeto; Christopher P Carty; Kylie Bradford; Sheanna Maine; David Bade; Liam Johnson; Ivan P Astori

doi:10.1177/23259671231180874

Leg-Length and Alignment Changes in Children and Adolescents After Transphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Soft Tissue Graft: Results at 1-Year Follow-up

Orthop J Sports Med. 2023 Jul 26;11(7):23259671231180874. doi: 10.1177/23259671231180874. eCollection 2023 Jul.

Authors

Alexander H Seeto¹, Christopher P Carty^{1

2}, Kylie Bradford², Sheanna Maine^{1

2}, David Bade^{1

2}, Liam Johnson², Ivan P Astori²

Affiliations

¹ Griffith Centre of Biomedical & Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
² Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Abstract

Background: Growth disturbance to leg length or coronal plane alignment are important considerations in pediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR).

Purpose/hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to investigate the lower limb alignment and leg length of pediatric patients preoperatively and at approximately 1 year after transphyseal ACLR. Our hypothesis was that there would be no significant change in leg-length discrepancy (LLD) or operated-side alignment at follow-up.

Study design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: Data were extracted from the prospective Queensland Children's Hospital Pediatric ACL Injury Registry. Long-leg alignment radiographs were captured preoperatively and at an approximately 12-month postoperative follow-up. Radiographic measures included leg length, LLD (injured minus uninjured leg length), mechanical axis deviation (MAD), mechanical and anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA and aLDFA, respectively), and medial proximal tibial angle. We evaluated the effect of time (annual vs baseline) on imaging measurements with analysis of covariance, using the covariates of age, sex, and body mass index.

Results: Data were available for 104 patients, of whom 34 (33%) had >12 months of skeletal growth remaining based on skeletal age. At an average follow-up time of 14.5 months after ACLR, there were no significant differences in mean lower limb alignment or longitudinal growth compared with baseline. However, seven patients demonstrated clinically significant changes to their mechanical axis or LLD (>10 mm change). A subgroup analysis of patients with >12 months of growth remaining (n = 34) demonstrated no statistically significant changes in mean alignment or LLD. Before surgery, LLD was -1.39 mm and the injured limb was in significantly more valgus compared with the uninjured lower limb (mean difference: MAD, 4.79 mm [95% CI, 2.64 to 6.94 mm]; mLDFA, -0.93° [95% CI, -1.29° to -0.57°], and aLDFA, -0.91° [95% CI, -1.31° to -0.50°]).

Conclusion: After ACLR, there were no statistically significant changes in mean alignment or longitudinal growth; however, 7 out of 104 patients (6.7%) demonstrated clinically significant changes in alignment or LLD. Preoperatively, the injured limb was statistically significantly in more valgus compared with the uninjured limb with lateralized MAD.

Keywords: adolescents; alignment; anterior cruciate ligament; anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; children; growth disturbance; lower limb alignment; pediatric.