How to mitigate confounding factors in observational studies

Affiliations

• ¹ Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
• ² Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, #2211, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
• ³ Department of Anesthesiology, St. Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
• ⁴ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
• ⁵ Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. kazu.aoyama@utoronto.ca.
• ⁶ Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, #2211, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. kazu.aoyama@utoronto.ca.