Therapeutic Potential of Syzygium aromaticum in Gut Dysbiosis via TMAO Associated Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Background: Dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal microbiota is not only related to the pathogenesis of intestinal disorders but also associated with extra-intestinal diseases. Various studies have revealed the role of an imbalance of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites including bile acids, indole derivatives, polyamines, and trimethylamine in the progression of various diseases. The elevated plasma level of the oxidized form of trimethylamine is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Literature supports that herbal medicines can modulate human health by altering the diversity of gut microbiota and their metabolites and proposes the use of prebiotics to improve dysbiotic conditions as a new way of therapeutic strategy.

Material and methods: In silico studies including drug likeliness, toxicity prediction, and molecular interaction of phytochemicals against trimethylamine lyase enzyme have been done. Antimicrobial activity of extracts of selected plant i.e. Syzygium aromaticum was done by disc diffusion and the protective effects of plant compounds were examined on trimethylamine-n-oxide a bacterial metabolic product induced toxicity on cardiac cells.

Results: The current study has found that the phytochemicals of S. aromaticum identified as nontoxic and followed the standard rules of drug likeliness and showed a significant binding affinity against trimethylamine-n-oxide producing enzymes. Furthermore, S. aromaticum extract was found to have antimicrobial potential and cardioprotective effects by reducing the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and correcting the distorted nuclear morphology in the presence of high trimethylamine-n-oxide.

Conclusion: Conclusively, our study explored the herbal intervention in intestinal dysbiosis and suggested a natural therapy against dysbiosis associated with cardiac disease, and S, aromaticum was found to have exceptional cardioprotective potential against TMAO induced gut dysbiosis, which provides a novel future therapeutic intervention for treating cardiovascular complications.

Keywords: Cardiovascular Diseases; Dysbiosis; Gut Microbiota; Metabolites; Syzygium aromaticum; Trimethylamine Lyase.