Objective: The Australian Genetics of Bipolar Disorder Study is a nation-wide cohort of adults living with bipolar disorder. The study aims to detect the relationships between genetic risk, symptom severity, and the lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder, treatment response and medication side effects, and patterns and costs of health care usage.
Methods: A total of 6682 participants (68.3% female; aged 44.8 ± 13.6 years [range = 18-90]) were recruited in three waves: a nation-wide media campaign, a mail-out based on prescriptions for lithium carbonate and through the Australian Genetics of Depression Study. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire. A total of 4706 (70%) participants provided a saliva sample and were genotyped and 5506 (82%) consented to record linkage of their Pharmaceutical and Medicare Benefits Schedule data.
Results: Most participants were living with bipolar I disorder (n = 4068) while 1622 participants were living with bipolar II disorder and 992 with sub-threshold bipolar disorder. The mean age of bipolar disorder diagnosis was 32.7 ± 11.6 years but was younger in bipolar I (p = 2.0E-26) and females (p = 5.7E-23). Excluding depression with onset prior to bipolar disorder diagnosis, 64.5% of participants reported one or more co-occurring psychiatric disorders: most commonly generalised anxiety disorder (43.5%) and posttraumatic stress disorder (20.7%). Adverse drug reactions were common and resulted in discontinuation rates ranging from 33.4% for lithium to 63.0% for carbamazepine.
Conclusion: Our findings highlight the high rate of comorbidities and adverse drug reactions among adults living with bipolar disorder in the general Australian population. Future genomic analyses focus on identifying genetic variants influencing pharmacotherapy treatment response and side effects.
Keywords: Australia; Bipolar disorder; adverse drug reactions; comorbidity.