Interpreting Meta-Analyses: A Guide to Funnel and Forest Plots

Clin Spine Surg. 2024 Feb 1;37(1):40-42. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0000000000001534. Epub 2023 Sep 8.

Abstract

Meta-analyses represent the best available medical evidence. Although a powerful tool, they are not without criticisms since any bias in the original studies are then compounded when they are pooled together for the meta-analysis. Funnel plots provide a useful graphical representation of the presence of bias, and forest plots represent the heterogeneity of findings within studies included in a meta-analysis. The purpose of this review is to help readers interpret these statistical tools to better understand the findings of a meta-analysis.

Publication types

  • Review
  • Meta-Analysis

MeSH terms

  • Bias
  • Humans
  • Publication Bias*