For echolocation, the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus, emits orientation sounds (pulses) and listens to echoes. Each pulse is made up of 8 components, of which 4 are constant frequencies (Cf 1.4) and 4 are frequency-modulated (FM 1-4). Target-range information, conveyed by the time delay of the echo FM from the pulse FM, is processed in this species by specialized neurons in a part of the auditory cortex known as the FM-FM area. These cortical neurons are responsive to pulse-echo pairs at specific echo delays. The essential components in the sound pair include the pulse FM1 followed by an echo FMn (n = 2, 3 or 4). Downward sweeping FM1-FMn sounds that are similar to those the animal naturally hears during echolocation are the most effective in evoking facilitative responses. Most FM-FM neurons, however, still exhibit facilitative responses to stimulus pairs consisting of upward sweeping FM sounds and/or pure tones at frequencies found in FM sweeps. The magnitude of facilitation is altered by changes in echo rather than pulse amplitude. Neurons characterized by shorter best delays (or echoes from closer targets) do not require larger best echo amplitudes for facilitation.