124I-labeled anti-CD147 antibody for noninvasive detection of CD147-positive pan-cancers: construction and preclinical studies

Abstract

Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer CD147 is a glycoprotein on the cell surface. There is minimal expression of CD147 in normal epithelial and fetal tissues, but it is highly expressed in a number of aggressive tumors. CD147 has been implicated in pan-cancer immunity and progression. With the development of CD147-targeting therapeutic strategy, accurate detection of CD147 expression in tumors and its changes during the therapy is necessary. In this study we constructed a novel radiotracer by labeling the anti-CD147 mAb with radionuclide ^124/125I (^124/125I-anti-CD147) for noninvasive detection of CD147 expression in pan-cancers, and characterized its physicochemical properties, affinity, metabolic characteristics, biodistribution and immunoPET imaging with ¹²⁴I-IgG and ¹⁸F-FDG as controls. By examining the expression of CD147 in cancer cell lines, we found high CD147 expression in colon cancer cells LS174T, FADU human pharyngeal squamous cancer cells and 22RV1 human prostate cancer cells, and low expression of CD147 in human pancreatic cancer cells ASPC1 and human gastric cancer cells BGC823. ^124/125I-anti-CD147 was prepared using N-bromine succinimide (NBS) as oxidant and purified by PD-10 column. Its radiochemical purity (RCP) was over 99% and maintained over 85% in saline or 5% human serum albumin (HSA) for more than 7 d; the RCP of ¹²⁵I-anti-CD147 in blood was over 90% at 3 h post injection (p.i.) in healthy mice. The K_d value of ¹²⁵I-anti-CD147 to CD147 protein was 6.344 nM, while that of ¹²⁵I-IgG was over 100 nM. ¹²⁵I-anti-CD147 showed much greater uptake in CD147 high-expression cancer cells compared to CD147 low-expression cancer cells. After intravenous injection in healthy mice, ¹²⁵I-anti-CD147 showed high initial uptake in blood pool and liver, the uptake was decreased with time. The biological half-life of distribution and clearance phases in healthy mice were 0.63 h and 19.60 h, respectively. The effective dose of ¹²⁴I-anti-CD147 was estimated as 0.104 mSv/MBq. We conducted immunoPET imaging in tumor-bearing mice, and demonstrated a significantly higher tumor-to-muscle ratio of ¹²⁴I-anti-CD147 compared to that of ¹²⁴I-IgG and ¹⁸F-FDG in CD147 (+) tumors. The expression levels of CD147 in cells and tumors were positively correlated with the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV_max) (P < 0.01). In conclusion, ^124/125I-anti-CD147 displays high affinity to CD147, and represents potential for the imaging of CD147-positive tumors. The development of ¹²⁴I-anti-CD147 may provide new insights into the regulation of tumor microenvironment and formulation of precision diagnosis and treatment programs for tumors.

Keywords: CD147; immunoPET imaging; noninvasive detection; pan-cancer; preclinical studies; tumor microenvironment.