Phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera nanosuspension against peri-implantitis bacteria: An in vitro study

Abstract

Objective: the Moringa oleifera leaf (MO) has active compounds that may be beneficial for peri-implantitis therapy. This research aims to analyze the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of Moringa oleifera L. nanosuspension (MON) extract in peri-implantitis-related bacteria.

Methods: MON extract phytochemical analysis was conducted to examine active compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, quinones, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay for antioxidant capacity was evaluated, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the detection of volatile active compounds in MON extract was performed. Turax was used to create MON extract at concentrations of 1% and 2%, and then a particle size analysis was carried out. Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) were tested for antibacterial activity of MON extract, comparing them with doxycycline as the reference drug and using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), and diffusion zone methods.

Results: MON extract has lower antioxidant capacity than vitamin C. Flavonoids, saponins, quinones, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids were found in MON extract. 1% and 2% of MON extract has 10-40 d nm particle size. MIC, MBC and diffusion examination of 1% and 2% MON extract on Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn were seen at concentrations of 25% and 12.5% with significantly different (p < 0.05) in vitro.

Conclusion: MON extract has potential antioxidant activity, and 1% or 2% of MON extract has antibacterial properties toward Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn at concentrations of 25% and 12.5%, with significant differences.

Keywords: Antibacterial; Dental implant; Medicine; Moringa oleifera; Peri-implantitis.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

The phytochemical analysis of MON extract found: (A) positive flavonoid, saponin, quinone, alkaloid, tannin, terpenoid and steroid; (B) The result of antioxidant analysis showed that MON extract possessed lower antioxidant ability compared to vitamin C as a reference drug; (C) GCMS examination results showed that MON extract possessed glycidol, benzoic acid, palmitic acid, and linolenic acid.

Fig. 2

Particle sizer analysis of MON extract at concentration 1% and 2% with particle size 10.81 d nm and 40 d nm.

Fig. 3

The antibacterial activity of 1% and 2% MON extract toward Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). The MIC of Aa after administration of (A) 1% and (B) 2% MON extract showed strong antibacterial activity. The MBC of Aa after administration of (C) 1% and (D) 2% MON extract had strong antibacterial activity. (E) The inhibitory zone using disk diffusion examination on Aa after administration of (E) 1% MON extract showed 50% better than 25% antibacterial activity, and (F) 2% MON extract showed 25% better than 12.5% antibacterial activity. Doxycycline was used in this study as a reference drug. The mean and standard deviation (dv) of 1% and 2% MON result from MIC, MBC and diffusion examination (G–L). *Information: significant difference at p < 0.05.

Fig. 4

The antibacterial activity of 1% and 2% MON extract toward Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). The MIC of Pg after administration of (A) 1% and (B) 2% MON extract showed strong antibacterial activity. The MBC of Pg after administration of (C) 1% and (D) 2% MON extract had strong antibacterial activity. (E) The inhibitory zone using disk diffusion examination on Pg after administration of (E) 1% MON extract showed 50% better than 25% antibacterial activity and (F) 2% MON extract showed 25% better than 12.5% antibacterial activity. Doxycycline was used in this study as a reference drug. The mean and standard deviation (dv) of 1% and 2% MON extract result of MIC, MBC and diffusion examination (G–L). *Information: significant difference at p < 0.05.

Fig. 5

The antibacterial activity of 1% and 2% MON extract toward Prevotella intermedia (Pi) The MIC of Pi after administration of (A) 1% and (B) 2% MON extract showed strong antibacterial activity. The MBC of Pi after administration of (C) 1% and (D) 2% MON extract had strong antibacterial activity. (E) The inhibitory zone using disk diffusion examination on Pi after administration of (E) 1% MON extract showed 50% better than 25% antibacterial activity and (F) 2% MON extract showed 25% better than 12.5% antibacterial activity Doxycycline was used in this study as a reference drug. The mean and standard deviation (dv) of 1% and 2% MON extract result of MIC, MBC and diffusion examination (G–L). *Information: significant difference at p < 0.05.

Fig. 6

The antibacterial activity of 1% and 2% MON extract toward Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) The MIC of Fn after administration of (A) 1% and (B) 2% MON extract showed strong antibacterial activity. The MBC of Fn after administration of (C) 1% and (D) 2% MON extract had strong antibacterial activity. (E) The inhibitory zone using disk diffusion examination on Fn after administration of (E) 1% MON showed 50% better than 25% antibacterial activity and (F) 2% MON extract showed 25% better than 12.5% antibacterial activity. Doxycycline was used in this study as a reference drug. The mean and standard deviation (dv) of 1% and 2% MON extract result of MIC, MBC and diffusion examination (G–L). *Information: significant difference at p < 0.05.