Exploring the Association Between Thyroid Function and Oral Microbiome Diversity: An NHANES Analysis

Liang Zheng; Rui Yang; Ruixia Li; Wanna Chen; Jing Zhang; Weiming Lv; Bo Lin; Jiajun Luo

doi:10.1210/jendso/bvad125

Exploring the Association Between Thyroid Function and Oral Microbiome Diversity: An NHANES Analysis

J Endocr Soc. 2023 Oct 5;7(11):bvad125. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvad125. eCollection 2023 Oct 9.

Authors

Liang Zheng¹, Rui Yang², Ruixia Li¹, Wanna Chen¹, Jing Zhang¹, Weiming Lv¹, Bo Lin¹, Jiajun Luo³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
² Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
³ Institute for Population and Precision Health, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, IL, USA.

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the association between thyroid functions and the oral microbiome diversity.

Method: Data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2009-2012) were analyzed. Thyroid functions were defined using thyroid hormones and related biomarkers. Oral microbiome was measured using the observed number of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. Linear regression was used to estimate the average change (β) and 95% CI for the number of ASVs against thyroid functions, adjusted for sociodemographic variables, health conditions, urinary iodine status, and periodontitis. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was used to analyze the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity.

Results: A total of 2943 participants were analyzed. The observed number of ASVs has a weighted mean of 128.9. Self-reported thyroid disease was associated with reduced number of ASVs (β = -9.2, 95% CI: -17.2, -1.2), if only adjusted for sociodemographic variables and health conditions. In the fully adjusted model, compared to normal thyroid function, both subclinical and clinical hyperthyroidism were associated with reduced number of ASVs (β = -59.6, 95% CI: -73.2, -46.0; β = -28.2, 95% CI: -50.0, -6.5, respectively). Thyroid peroxidase antibody level higher than the reference range was associated with higher observed ASV (β= 9.0, 95% CI: 1.2, 16.9). NMDS analysis suggested significant difference in oral microbiome composition between free triiodothyronine groups (P = .002), between free thyroxine groups (P = .015), and between thyroglobulin groups (P = .035).

Conclusion: Hyperthyroidism was associated with reduced oral microbiome diversity. Free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyroglobulin levels may alter the oral microbiome composition.

Keywords: hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; oral microbiome; thyroid function; thyroid hormones.