Objectives: To explore the continuum of pain and addiction for patients with chronic pain (CP) who used opioids during a time of restrictive opioid prescribing in West Virginia.
Design: This qualitative descriptive study used a content analysis of semistructured interviews. Themes were identified through a reflective, iterative coding process. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guidelines were followed.
Setting: West Virginia.
Participants: Twenty people who used opioids to treat a CP condition, 10 pharmacists, 10 primary care providers, and 10 specialists.
Intervention: Semistructured interviews.
Main outcome measure: To better understand the impact of restrictive prescribing measures on people who used opioids for CP.
Results: Patients initiated opioids for acute, painful conditions and described how long-term use led to physical dependence and, for some, opioid use disorder. Restrictive opioid prescribing laws led to care interruptions and decreased access and availability of prescribed opioid pain medication, driving some patients to seek illicit drugs. Economic considerations influenced drug use as the price of purchasing prescription opioids on the street went up, making heroin a cheaper alternative. Patients who transitioned to buprenorphine/naloxone as a treatment for pain or opioid use disorder viewed it as a positive change and a "life saver."
Conclusions: Opioid use for CP is complex and multifaceted. The continuum of pain and opioid use disorder can begin with a prescription for acute pain and continue for the treatment of CP. Patients described how continued opioid use was not to "get high" but for pain control to improve their quality of life, continue to work, and be productive. For those who experience physical dependence on opioids, access to treatment is vital to recovery and pain management.
Key message: Without individualized managed care, people confronted with a sudden interruption in prescription opioids may turn to illicit drugs to mitigate symptoms of opioid withdrawal and physical dependence.