Fruitful or unfruitful: strawberry and tomato specific immunoglobulin E testing at a tertiary pediatric center

Albert C Chong; Neema Izadi; Won Jong Chwa; Jonathan S Tam

doi:10.3389/falgy.2023.1277631

Fruitful or unfruitful: strawberry and tomato specific immunoglobulin E testing at a tertiary pediatric center

Front Allergy. 2023 Oct 16:4:1277631. doi: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1277631. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Albert C Chong¹, Neema Izadi^{1

2}, Won Jong Chwa³, Jonathan S Tam^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
² Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
³ Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, United States.

Abstract

Background: Suspected strawberry and tomato (S/T) food allergy (FA) can be evaluated using specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) testing despite its low specificity and positive predictive value.

Objective: This study aims to understand ordering patterns for S/T sIgE testing and identify relevant factors to clinical decision-making.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 814 patients with sIgE testing available for strawberries (651), tomatoes (276), or both (113) from January 2012 to May 2022 at a tertiary pediatric hospital. Patient demographics, provider specialty, and reasons for testing were collected. Student's t-test and multiple regression analyses were performed to test the association between the S/T sIgE level and clinically relevant outcome (CRO) status. Fisher's exact test and general linear models were used to evaluate and compare potential predictive factors for CRO status.

Results: Allergy and immunology, gastroenterology, and general pediatrics ordered most S/T sIgE testing. Testing was ordered most frequently for non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal symptoms, mild possible IgE-mediated reactions, and eczema. Testing was most often ordered for infants and school-age children. Mean sIgE levels were higher for S/T tests resulting in a CRO when controlling for other predictor variables (p = 0.015; p = 0.002 for S/T, respectively). Only 2.2% and 5.4% of tests resulted in a CRO for S/T, and severe allergy was rare. Testing for non-IgE-mediated GI symptoms or eczema, or in non-atopic patients, yielded no CROs. Exposure and reaction history of present illness (ERH) was associated with CROs (p < 0.001; p = 0.04) with a high negative predictive value (99.5%; 100%) and low positive predictive value (11.5%; 15.0%). ERH (p < 0.001, η² = 0.073; p = 0.009, η² = 0.123) was a more significant predictor than the sIgE level (p = 0.002, η² = 0.037; p = 0.212, η² = 0.030) for CRO status.

Conclusion: The diagnosis of S/T food allergy is made primarily based on clinical history. S/T sIgE testing for children and adolescents should be avoided for patients without an ERH and in the workup of non-IgE-mediated GI symptoms. Testing for eczema and non-atopic patients is likely low-yield.

Keywords: food allergy; immunoglobulin E; pediatric; strawberry; tomato.

Grants and funding

The authors declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.