Mood disorders are common in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and may increase morbidity and mortality in adults on chronic hemodialysis (HD), affecting their quality of life (QOL). We aimed to investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with anxiety and depression in ESRD patients on chronic HD. Thirty-nine HD patients were assessed for anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. The HADS scores were correlated with demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters. According to the HADS scores, depression and anxiety were found, respectively, in 11 (28.2%) and in nine (23.1%) patients. Both depression and anxiety were found in four (10.3%) patients. The average depression score was 7.4 ± 4.2; the average anxiety score was 7.7 ± 4.6. The depression score correlated significantly with the number of medications (r = 0.46, P = 0.003) and phosphatase alcalin (r = -0.37; P = 0.022); the anxiety score correlated significantly with the number of medications only (r = 0.36, P = 0.022). The risk factors associated with anxiety were age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.2; P = 0.025] and sleep disturbances (OR = 6.74; 95% CI: 1.49-30.4; P = 0.016), and only diabetes was a risk factor associated with depression (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 1.94-16.9; P = 0.009). The screening and management of depression and anxiety would improve the QOL of patients on chronic HD.