Objectives: Current literature remains inconclusive regarding the best methodology to accurately palpate lumbar spinous processes (SP). Body painting (BP) uses markers to draw anatomical structures on the skin's surface. While BP can be a useful tool for engaging learners, it is unknown whether it improves palpation accuracy. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the addition of body painting to palpation education improves lumbar spinous process palpation accuracy in first-year Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students.
Methods: Thirty-eight DPT students were randomized into a traditional palpation group and a body painting (BP) group. Each group received identical instruction on palpating the lumbar spine, with the BP group additionally drawing lumbar SPs on their laboratory partner with a marker. Students were then assessed on their ability to accurately palpate the L4 SP on randomly assigned subjects. Two Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) used ultrasound imaging to confirm the location of each student's palpation. Palpation time was also recorded. The BP group also completed a survey on the learning experience.
Results: Forty-five percent of students were able to accurately palpate the L4 SP. There was no significant difference (p = 0.78) in palpation accuracy between the traditional and BP group, although students in the BP group were randomly assigned subjects with a significantly (p = 0.005) higher BMI. Ninety-five percent of students were able to palpate within one spinal level of the L4 SP. Students in the BP group reported that the BP activity facilitated learning and active participation. There was no significant difference in palpation time (p = 0.98) between groups. There was a fair correlation (r=-0.41) between palpation accuracy and subject BMI.
Discussion/conclusion: While body painting was an enjoyable activity to incorporate into palpation laboratory, it is unclear whether it enhanced lumbar SP palpation accuracy in first-year DPT students.
Keywords: Palpation; body painting; lumbar spinous process; physical therapy.