Gender-affirming hormone therapy and autoimmunity: new insights from a 3-year follow-up study

Clin Exp Immunol. 2025 Jan 21;219(1):uxad122. doi: 10.1093/cei/uxad122.

¹ Reference Centre for Gender Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
² Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
³ Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Florence University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
⁴ Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
⁵ Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence, Italy.

No abstract available

Keywords: autoantibodies; autoimmune diseases; gender affirming hormone therapy; gender medicine; transgender.