Nowadays, road accidents pose a severe risk in cases of sleep disorders. We proposed a novel hybrid deep-learning model for detecting drowsiness to address this issue. The proposed model combines the strengths of discrete wavelet long short-term memory (DWLSTM) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) models to classify single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Baseline models such as support vector machine (SVM), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), back propagation neural networks (BPNN), CNN, and CNN merged with LSTM (CNN+LSTM) did not fully utilize the time sequence information. Our proposed model incorporates a majority voting between LSTM layers integrated with discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the CNN model fed with spectrograms as images. The features extracted from sub-bands generated by DWT can provide more informative & discriminating than using the raw EEG signal. Similarly, spectrogram images fed to CNN learn the specific patterns and features with different levels of drowsiness. Furthermore, the proposed model outperformed state-of-the-art deep learning techniques and conventional baseline methods, achieving an average accuracy of 74.62%, 77.76% (using rounding, F1-score maximization approach respectively for generating labels) on 11 subjects for leave-one-out subject method. It achieved high accuracy while maintaining relatively shorter training and testing times, making it more desirable for quicker drowsiness detection. The performance metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score) are evaluated after 100 randomized tests along with a 95% confidence interval for classification. Additionally, we validated the mean accuracies from five types of wavelet families, including daubechis, symlet, bi-orthogonal, coiflets, and haar, merged with LSTM layers.
Keywords: CNN; DWT; Deep learning; Drowsiness recognition; EEG; LSTM; Spectrogram.
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.