Sonographic Appearance of Lacrimal Glands in Sjögren's Syndrome at High Risk for Lymphoma Development

Abstract

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune systemic disease characterized by the destruction of exocrine glands, mainly salivary and lacrimal glands. The diagnosis is generally made upon objective tests aimed at assessing salivary and lacrimal glandular function, autoantibody assays, and the results of labial salivary gland biopsies. A major salivary gland biopsy is usually reserved to assess lymphoproliferative complications. Recently, the sonographic evaluation of the major salivary glands has gained a crucial role in assessing the glandular parenchyma and early detecting abnormalities, while the role of ultrasonography in the assessment of lacrimal glands is still secondary. Our case report is about a male patient who presented parotid gland swelling and purpuric lesions, with preserved salivary and lacrimal glandular function. Considering the presence of risk factors associated with lymphoproliferative development and the peculiar characteristics detected by salivary and lacrimal gland ultrasonography, we performed a parotid gland biopsy, confirming Sjögren's syndrome. Our case demonstrates that lacrimal gland ultrasonography could be implemented, along with major salivary gland ultrasonography, as a routine procedure in evaluating patients with suspected or definite diagnoses of pSS.

Keywords: cryoglobulinaemia; lacrimal gland ultrasonography; lymphoma; parotid gland biopsy; parotid gland swelling; primary sjogren syndrome (pss); salivary gland ultrasonography.