Background/objectives: In addition to the potential effects of nutrients on mood, eating behaviors have been suggested to be associated with depressive symptoms. We investigated the prospective association between the accumulation of unhealthy eating behaviors and depressive symptoms in a Japanese working population.
Methods: Participants were 914 workers (aged 19-68 years) who did not have depressive symptoms at baseline (April 2012 and May 2013) and attended a 3-year follow-up survey (April 2015 and May 2016). Unhealthy eating behaviors (skipping breakfast, eating dinner just before bedtime, and snacking after dinner) were assessed at baseline. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale at follow-up. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio of depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥16) at follow-up according to the number of unhealthy eating behaviors.
Results: In a model with adjustment of background factors, participants having 2-3 unhealthy eating behaviors at baseline had significantly higher risk of developing depressive symptoms (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.21-3.38) compared with those having no such behaviors. After adjustment for occupational and lifestyle factors, the association was slightly attenuated but remained significant (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.10-3.21). This association was further attenuated and became statistically non-significant after additional adjustment for nutritional factors (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 0.96-2.90).
Conclusions: Our results suggest that the accumulation of unhealthy eating behaviors is associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms and that this association may be partly ascribed to a lower intake of nutrients with mood-improving effects.
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.