Recent Advances in Kidney Replacement Therapy in Infants: A Review

Abstract

Kidney replacement therapy (KRT) is used to treat children and adults with acute kidney injury (AKI), fluid overload, kidney failure, inborn errors of metabolism, and severe electrolyte abnormalities. Peritoneal dialysis and extracorporeal hemodialysis/filtration can be performed for different durations (intermittent, prolonged intermittent, and continuous) through either adaptation of adult devices or use of infant-specific devices. Each of these modalities have advantages and disadvantages, and often multiple modalities are used depending on the scenario and patient-specific needs. Traditionally, these therapies have been challenging to deliver in infants due the lack of infant-specific devices, small patient size, required extracorporeal volumes, and the risk of hemodynamic stability during the initiation of KRT. In this review, we discuss challenges, recent advancements, and optimal approaches to provide KRT in hospitalized infants, including a discussion of peritoneal dialysis and extracorporeal therapies. We discuss each specific KRT modality, review newer infant-specific devices, and highlight the benefits and limitations of each modality. We also discuss the ethical implications for the care of infants who need KRT and areas for future research.

Keywords: Acute kidney injury; dialysis; fluid overload; hemodialysis; infant; kidney support therapy; neonate; peritoneal dialysis; renal replacement therapy.