Objective: Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) present significant challenges in neurosurgery, requiring detailed planning and execution. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mixed reality (MxR), a synergistic application of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), in the surgical management of AVMs.
Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on 10 patients who underwent AVM resection between 2021 and 2023. Preoperative planning used patient-specific 360° VR models, while intraoperative guidance used AR markers for targeted disconnection of arterial feeders. Data were analyzed for surgical duration, blood loss, and postoperative outcomes, stratified by Spetzler-Martin (SM) and supplemented Spetzler-Martin (Supp-SM) grades.
Results: In 10 patients with cerebral AVMs, MxR significantly facilitated the identification of 21 arterial feeders, including challenging deep feeders. MxR-assisted surgeries demonstrated efficient identification and disconnection of arterial feeders, contributing to precise AVM resection. The mean surgical duration was approximately 5 hours 11 minutes, with a mean intraoperative blood loss of 507.5 ml. Statistically significant variations in surgical duration and blood loss were observed based on SM and supplemented Supp-SM grades. Two patients experienced worsened postoperative neurological deficits, underscoring the inherent risks of AVM surgeries. The marked difference in hospital stays between patients with ruptured and those with unruptured AVMs, particularly for SM grade III, highlights the significant impact of rupture status on postoperative recovery.
Conclusions: In this study, the authors delineated a novel paradigm using MxR for the surgical intervention of AVMs. Using 3D VR for preoperative planning and AR for intraoperative guidance, they achieved unparalleled precision and efficiency in targeting deep arterial feeders. While the results are promising, larger studies are needed to further validate this approach.
Keywords: Spetzler-Martin grade; arteriovenous malformation; augmented reality; mixed reality; supplemented Spetzler-Martin grade; surgical planning and navigation; virtual reality.