Impact of bariatric surgery on maternal gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in women with obesity: A population-based cohort study from Qatar

Jesni Vazhiyelethil; Fathima Minisha; Sawsan Al Obaidly; Mai AlQubaisi; Husam Salama; Najah Ali; Najat Khenyab; Suruchi Mohan; Abdul Rouf Pallivalappil; Nader Al-Dewik; Hilal Al Rifai; Tom Farrell

doi:10.5339/qmj.2024.2

Impact of bariatric surgery on maternal gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in women with obesity: A population-based cohort study from Qatar

Qatar Med J. 2024 Jan 22;2024(1):2. doi: 10.5339/qmj.2024.2. eCollection 2024.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Wellness and Research Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha Qatar. Email: fminisha@hamad.qa.
² Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Women's Wellness and Research Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sidra Medicine, Doha Qatar.
⁴ Department of Research, Women's Wellness and Research Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha Qatar.

Abstract

Background: Bariatric surgery is performed in obese women of reproductive age to help achieve a healthy prepregnancy weight to reduce the complications associated with obesity in pregnancy. However, these procedures can impact maternal nutrition and gestational weight gain (GWG). This study evaluates the maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with prepregnancy bariatric surgery and determines the impact on GWG.

Methods: This study included 24 weeks gestation or more pregnancies, with a maternal BMI at delivery of 30 kg/m² or more. It was categorized into two groups based on whether they had prepregnancy bariatric surgery (exposed) or not (unexposed). The outcomes included gestational diabetes (GDM), gestational hypertension (GHT), mode of delivery, preterm birth (PTB), GWG, birthweight (BW) and customized BW centiles, low birthweight (LBW), congenital anomalies, and admission to the neonatal intensive unit (NICU). Categorization was also done based on the adequacy of GWG (low, adequate, and excess).

Results: A total of 8,323 women were included in the study, 194 of whom had prepregnancy bariatric surgery. After adjusting for confounders, the exposed group had a mean GWG 1.33 kg higher than the unexposed group (95% CI 0.55-2.13, p = 0.001). The exposed group had higher odds of PTB (aOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.16-2.74, p = 0.008), CD (aOR 6.52, 95% CI 4.28-9.93, p < 0.001), LBW in term babies (aOR 2.60, 95% CI 1.34-5.03, p = 0.005), congenital anomalies (aOR 2.64, 95% CI 1.21-5.77, p = 0.015), low APGAR score (aOR 3.75, 95% CI 1.12-12.5, p = 0.032) and 80.4g lesser birthweight (95% CI -153.0, -5.8; p = 0.034). More women in the low GWG category had LBW babies (28.6% versus 6.7% in the high GWG group, p = 0.033), lowest mean BW and median BW centiles (2775 grams versus 3289 grams in the high GWG group, p = 0.004 and 57.5% versus 74.5% in the high GWG group, p = 0.040, respectively).

Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight differences in perinatal outcomes such as preterm birth, low birth weight, congenital anomalies, cesarean deliveries, and gestational weight gain between post-bariatric women and controls. These insights can help inform the planning and provision of appropriate maternity care to enhance patient safety and outcomes. The results of this study can also guide the counseling of reproductive age-group women who are planning to undergo bariatric surgery.

Keywords: Bariatric surgery; cesarean delivery; gestational weight gain.