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Review
. 2024 Feb 14;2(2):CD004184.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004184.pub3.

Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension

Chuncheng Wu  1 , Ping Zhao  2 , Ping Xu  2 , Chaomin Wan  3 , Surjit Singh  4 , Shoban Babu Varthya  4 , Shuang-Hong Luo  3
Affiliations
Review

Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension

Chuncheng Wu et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Variation in blood pressure levels display circadian rhythms. Complete 24-hour blood pressure control is the primary goal of antihypertensive treatment and reducing adverse cardiovascular outcomes is the ultimate aim. This is an update of the review first published in 2011.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of administration-time-related effects of once-daily evening versus conventional morning dosing antihypertensive drug therapy regimens on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, total adverse events, withdrawals from treatment due to adverse effects, and reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in people with primary hypertension.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register via Cochrane Register of Studies (17 June 2022), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Issue 6, 2022); MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process and MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print (1 June 2022); Embase (1 June 2022); ClinicalTrials.gov (2 June 2022); Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBLD) (1978 to 2009); Chinese VIP (2009 to 7 August 2022); Chinese WANFANG DATA (2009 to 4 August 2022); China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database (CAJD) (2009 to 6 August 2022); Epistemonikos (3 September 2022) and the reference lists of relevant articles. We applied no language restrictions.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the administration-time-related effects of evening with morning dosing monotherapy regimens in people with primary hypertension. We excluded people with known secondary hypertension, shift workers or people with white coat hypertension.

Data collection and analysis: Two to four review authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. We resolved disagreements by discussion or with another review author. We performed data synthesis and analyses using Review Manager Web for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, serious adverse events, overall adverse events, withdrawals due to adverse events, change in 24-hour blood pressure and change in morning blood pressure. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. We conducted random-effects meta-analysis, fixed-effect meta-analysis, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis.

Main results: We included 27 RCTs in this updated review, of which two RCTs were excluded from the meta-analyses for lack of data and number of groups not reported. The quantitative analysis included 25 RCTs with 3016 participants with primary hypertension. RCTs used angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (six trials), calcium channel blockers (nine trials), angiotensin II receptor blockers (seven trials), diuretics (two trials), α-blockers (one trial), and β-blockers (one trial). Fifteen trials were parallel designed, and 10 trials were cross-over designed. Most participants were white, and only two RCTs were conducted in Asia (China) and one in Africa (South Africa). All trials excluded people with risk factors of myocardial infarction and strokes. Most trials had high risk or unclear risk of bias in at least two of several key criteria, which was most prominent in allocation concealment (selection bias) and selective reporting (reporting bias). Meta-analysis showed significant heterogeneity across trials. No RCTs reported on cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. There may be little to no differences in all-cause mortality (after 26 weeks of active treatment: RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.04 to 5.42; RD 0, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.01; very low-certainty evidence), serious adverse events (after 8 to 26 weeks of active treatment: RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.53 to 2.57; RD 0, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.03; very low-certainty evidence), overall adverse events (after 6 to 26 weeks of active treatment: RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.20; I² = 37%; RD -0.02, 95% CI -0.07 to 0.02; I² = 38%; very low-certainty evidence) and withdrawals due to adverse events (after 6 to 26 weeks active treatment: RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.23; I² = 0%; RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.03 to 0; I² = 0%; very low-certainty evidence), but the evidence was very uncertain.

Authors' conclusions: Due to the very limited data and the defects of the trials' designs, this systematic review did not find adequate evidence to determine which time dosing drug therapy regimen has more beneficial effects on cardiovascular outcomes or adverse events. We have very little confidence in the evidence showing that evening dosing of antihypertensive drugs is no more or less effective than morning administration to lower 24-hour blood pressure. The conclusions should not be assumed to apply to people receiving multiple antihypertensive drug regimens.

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Conflict of interest statement

CWu: none.

PZ: none.

PX: none.

CWan: none.

SS: none.

SBV: none.

SL: none.

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NCT05089448 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT05089448. Morning versus bedtime dosing of antihypertensive medication. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05089448 (first received 27 September 2021).
NCT05322967 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT05322967. Effect of chronotherapy on blood pressure – time of intake of blood pressure lowering drugs. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05322967 (first received 4 April 2022).
Niegowska 2000 {published data only}
    1. Niegowska J, Mastej M, Piotrowski W. Controlled release diltiazem in monotherapy of hypertension-time of drug administration and circadian blood pressure pattern. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 2000;104(6):853-7. - PubMed
Peng 2019 {published data only}
    1. Peng JH, Wang P, Yan YL, Wang GM, Deng YQ, Zheng D. Effects of levamlodipine besylate administered at different times on blood pressure, circadian rhythm and vascular endothelial function in patients with non-dipper hypertension [苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平不同时间给药对非杓型高血压患者血压及昼夜节律和血管内皮功能的影响]. Journal of Nanchang University (Medical Sciences) (南昌大学学报(医学版)) 2019;59(5):35-9.
Potter 1990 {published data only}
    1. Potter C, Dews I, Pullan T, Wight L, Vandenburg M. Morning vs evening dosing of sustained-release verapamil in mild to moderate hypertension. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1990;30(2):338P-9P.
Poulter 2016 {published data only}
    1. Poulter N, Anjum A, Cross M, Falaschetti E, Savopoulos C, Kanellos I, et al. A comparison of the impact of morning or night delivery of antihypertensive agents on 24 hour bpm levels: a randomised cross-over trial (harmony). Journal of Hypertension 2016;34:e547.
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Qiao 2015 {published data only}
    1. Qiao ZL, Zhuang RY, Li YH. Effect of candesartan taken before going to bed on morning blood pressure surge and mALB in hypertensive patients [睡前服用坎地沙坦对高血压患者血压晨峰及尿微量白蛋白的影响]. Chinese Journal of Geriatric Heart Brain and Vessel Diseases (中华老年心脑血管病杂志) 2015;17(5):492-4.
Shiga 1993 {published data only}
    1. Shiga T, Fujimura A, Tateishi T, Ohashi K, Ebihara A. Differences of chronopharmacokinetic profiles between propranolol and atenolol in hypertensive subjects. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1993;33(8):756-61. - PubMed
Sica 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sica D, Frishman WH, Manowitz N. Pharmacokinetics of propranolol after single and multiple dosing with sustained release propranolol or propranolol CR (Innopran XL), a new chronotherapeutic formulation. Heart Disease 2003;5(3):176-81. - PubMed
Smolensky 2007 {published data only}
    1. Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Portaluppi F. Comparison of the efficacy of morning versus evening administration of olmesartan in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Chronobiology International 2007;24(1):171-81. - PubMed
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Sundberg 1991 {published data only}
    1. Sundberg S, Luurila OJ, Kohvakka A, Gordin A. The circadian heart rate but not blood pressure profile is influenced by the timing of beta-block administration in hypertension. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1991;40:435-36. - PubMed
Sun L 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sun L. Analysis of the therapeutic effect of using telmisartan at different administration times in the treatment of hypertension [不同给药时间使用替米沙坦治疗高血压的疗效分析]. 饮食保健 2021;10:277.
Sun XL 2011 {published data only}
    1. Liu HQ, Yan MX, Wang SH, Sun XL. Effects of bisoprolol with different drug administration time on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of non-dippers hypertension [不同时间给予比索洛尔对非杓型原发性高血压患者肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的影响]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (中国临床药理学与治疗学) 2011;16(1):101-4.
    1. Sun XL, Guan J, Yu ZX, Liu HQ, Yan MX. Effects of bisoprolol with different drug administration time on the blood pressure of non-dippers hypertension. Progress in Modern Biomedicine (现代生物医学进展) 2011;11(13):2470-3.
    1. Sun XL, Guan J, Yu ZX, Wang SH, Yan MX, Liu HQ. Effects of bisoprolol with different drug administration time on the blood pressure of non-dippers hypertension [不同时间服用比索洛尔治疗非杓型原发性高血压的疗效评价]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (中国临床药理学与治疗学) 2011;16(3):292-6.
    1. Wang SH, Wang HC, Liu HQ, Yan MX, Sun XL. Change of 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and safety in patients with hypertension after different dosage regimen of bisoprolol [不同时间给予比索洛尔治疗高血压患者的24h动态血压变化和安全性]. Chinese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy (中国医院药学杂志) 2011;31(21):1790-3.
Tokbaeva 1996 {published data only}
    1. Tokbaeva KK, Zaslavskaia RM, Khalberg F, Teiblium MM. A chronobiological approach to correcting disorders of time organization of clofelin hemodynamics in patients with stage II essential hypertension. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 1996;74(8):52-4. - PubMed
Tykarski 2003 {published data only}
    1. Tykarski A, Mastej M, Niklas A, Lopatka P, Krasinska B, Kosicka T. Blood pressure response during exercise test in hypertensive patients depending on time of drugs administration. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(S4):364.
Wang JS 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wang JS, Zhu YP, Fu YJ. The pharmaco-chronological effects of irbesartan on day-night rhythm of blood pressure in hypertensive patients [厄贝沙坦不同时间用药对血压昼夜节律的影响研究]. Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease (实用心脑肺血管病杂志) 2011;19(11):1844-5, 1848.
Wang R 2022 {published data only}
    1. Wang R, Sun J, Fan WH, Li Q. Effects of allisartan isoproxil combined with vitamin B6 at different times on ambulatory blood pressure, circadian rhythm and vascular endothelial function in elderly male patients with non-dipper H-type hypertension [不同时间服用阿利沙坦酯和维生素B6 对高龄男性非杓型H 型高血压患者动态血压、昼夜节律及血管内皮功能的影响研究]. Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease (实用心脑肺血管病杂志) 2022;30(1):11-6, 21.
Wang XG 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wang XG, An JF, Liu PC. The effect of different administration times of irbesartan on blood pressure levels in non dipper hypertension patients [厄贝沙坦不同时间给药对非杓型高血压患者血压水平的影响]. Chinese Journal of Modern Drug Application (中国现代药物应用) 2020;14(21):152-4.
Wang YM 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wang YM, Liu GC. Chronotherapy of telmisartan in the treatment of primary hypertension [替米沙坦治疗原发性高血压的时间治疗学]. Chinese Journal of Gerontology (中国老年学杂志) 2011;31(5):756-8.
Wen 2021 {published data only}
    1. Wen XB, Ding XZ. Comparison of the value of nifedipine GITS taken at different times in the treatment of elderly patients with hypertension [硝苯地平控释片不同服用时间治疗老年高血压患者的价值对比]. Sichuan Journal of Physiological Sciences (四川生理科学杂志) 2021;43(8):1430-2.
Witte 1993 {published data only}
    1. Witte K, Weisser K, Neubeck M, Mutschler E, Lehmann K, Hopf R, et al. Cardiovascular effects, pharmacokinetics, and converting enzyme inhibition of enalapril after morning versus evening administration. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1993;54(2):177-86. - PubMed
Wright 1982 {published data only}
    1. Wright JM, Orozco-Gonzalez M, Polak G, Dollery CT. Duration of effect of single daily dose methyldopa therapy. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1982;13(6):847-54. - PMC - PubMed
Wu SL 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wu SL, Wang RT, Xiang YJ, Zhang ZP, Zhang ZD, Li DZ. Efficacy observation of telmisartan at different administration time in the treatment of non-dipper hypertension [替米沙坦不同时间给药治疗非杓型高血压疗效观察]. China Pharmacy (中国药房) 2011;22(14):1294-6.
Wu WY 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wu WY, Zhang JH, Zhou XL. The effect of different administration times of ramipril on the circadian rhythm of blood pressure [雷米普利不同给药时间对血压昼夜节律的影响]. Chinese Journal of Gerontology (中国老年学杂志) 2015;35(4):884-6.
Xiao 2010 {published data only}
    1. Xiao X, Hu WJ. Effect of irbesartan with different time on blood pressure in patients with renal hypertension [不同时间服用安博维对肾性高血压降压效果观察]. Medical Journal of West China (西部医学) 2010;22(12):2212-3.
Xu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Xu Y, Hao YX, Cui AD, Liang YL, Yu CY, Hu RY. Administration time-dependent effects of nifedipine controlled release tablets on blood pressure variability in hypertensive patients [硝苯地平控释片不同时间给药对高血压患者血压变异性的影响]. Chinese Journal of Hypertension (中华高血压杂志) 2015;23(6):543-8.
Yan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Yan XB, Zhao DT, Wang YF. Effects of different medication times of telmisartan on parameters of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in non-dipper patients with early morning hypertension [替米沙坦不同服药时间治疗非杓型伴清晨高血压]. Journal of MuDanJiang Medical University (牡丹江医学院学报) 2020;41(3):111-3.
Yang 2022 {published data only}
    1. Yang YM, Fu SL. Clinical analysis of telmisartan treatment for hypertension at different administration times [不同给药时间替米沙坦治疗高血压的临床分析]. 保健文汇 2022;23(2):70-1.
Yu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Yu M, Li L, Xiong YH. Effect of different drug administration time on blood pressure circadian rhythm and morning blood pressure of non dipper type dosing in elderly hypertensive [不同给药时间对非杓型老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律及清晨血压的影响]. Continuing Medical Education (继续医学教育) 2013;27(11):14-6.
Zaslavskaia 1994 {published data only}
    1. Zaslavskaia RM, Akhmetov KZ, Hulberg F, Teiblum MM. The optimization of capoten treatment by taking into account its chronosensitivity in hypertension patients. Terapevticheski Arkhiv 1994;66(8):7-9. - PubMed
Zaslavskaia 1996 {published data only}
    1. Zaslavskaia RM, Lilitsa GV, Akhmetov KZ, Teiblium MM. Time-related effect of betapressin+ in patients with essential hypertension stage II. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 1996;74(9):43-5. - PubMed
Zaslavskaia 1998a {published data only}
    1. Zaslavskaia RM, Zhamankulov KA, Zhumabaeva TN, Teiblium MM. Chronopharmacodynamics of Betacap (long-acting propranolol) in patients with hypertension stage II. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 1998;76(4):38-40. - PubMed
Zaslavskaia 1998b {published data only}
    1. Zaslavskaia RM Zhumabaeva TN, Zhamankulov KA, Teiblium MM. Hemodynamic chronosensitivity to metopress-retard in patients with stage II hypertension. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 1998;76(10):42-4. - PubMed
Zaslavskaia 1999a {published data only}
    1. Zaslavskaia RM, Narmanova OZ, Teiblium MM, Kalimurzina BS. Time-dependent effects of ramipril in patients with hypertension of 2 stage. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 1999;77(10):41-4. - PubMed
Zaslavskaia 1999b {published data only}
    1. Zaslavskaia RM, Iskakova MT, Teiblium MM. Preventive chronotherapy with capoten in hypertensive outpatients. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 1999;77(3):39-41. - PubMed
Zaslavskaya 1995 {published data only}
    1. Zaslavskaya RM, Akhmetov ZK, Teiblyum MM. Chronosensitivity to adelphan-esidrex and sinepres and efficacy of hypotensive treatment. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 1995;73(4):57-60. - PubMed
Zeng 2010 {published data only}
    1. Zeng MA, He L, Cao GY. Impact of antihypertensive medication timing on degree of blood pressure lowering in patients with essential hypertension [不同服药时间对老年高血压患者降压效果的影响]. Journal of Clinical Research (医学临床研究) 2010;27(5):881-5.
Zhang L 2018 {published data only}
    1. Zhang L, Zhuang M. Effect of telmisartan taken at different times on non-dipper and morning hypertension [替米沙坦不同服药时间对非杓型伴清晨高血压患者疗效的对比研究]. Chinese Journal of Geriatric Heart Brain and Vessel Diseases (中华老年心脑血管病杂志) 2018;20(4):385-8.
Zhang YL 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zhang YL, Liu AJ, Dong GJ, Zhang SG, Zhu JH. Efficacy of different time of amlodipine in non-dipper hypertension patients [氨氯地平不同时间给药对非杓型高血压患者血压的影响]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rational Drug Use (临床合理用药杂志) 2012;5(4B):11-2.
Zhao LQ 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zhao LQ, Liu SJ, Gan B. Effect of different time of taking medicine on blood pressure of elderly patients with non-dipper hypertension [不同服药时间对老年非杓型高血压患者血压的影响]. Occupation and Health (职业与健康) 2015;31(13):1794-7, 1801.
Zhao Y 2011 {published data only}
    1. Zhao Y, Han N, Zhao HM. Effects of telmisartan with different administration times in patients with various type hypertension [替米沙坦不同给药时间治疗各种高血压类型疗效研究]. Chinese General Practice (中国全科医学) 2011;14(4A):1101-3.
Zhao Y 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zhao Y, Han N, Zhao HM, Zhang SG. Effects of telmisartan administration time on blood pressure variability and left ventricular mass index in hypertensive patients [不同时间给予替米沙坦对高血压患者左室质量指数及血压变异性的影响]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs (中国新药杂志) 2012;21(18):2178-82.
Zhou HM 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zhou HM, Li BY. Different time amlodipine non-dipper hypertensive patients blood pressure [不同时间给药对非杓型高血压的影响]. China Practical Medical (中国实用医药) 2012;7(15):47-8.
Zhou YJ 2004 {published data only}
    1. Zhou YJ, Hou JY, Zhang YZ. Effect of timing of administration on antihypertensive effect of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide. Clinical Focus 2004;19(5):F2.
Zhu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zhu XF, Kang K. Efficacy and safety of losartan at different time points in the treatment of morning blood pressure surge in patients with primary hypertension [不同时间服用氯沙坦治疗原发性高血压病晨峰现象的疗效及安全性研究]. Chinese General Practice (中国全科医学) 2015;18(32):3973-6.
Zhuo LQ 2019 {published data only}
    1. Zhuo LQ, Ye LQ, Xiong F. Effects of different administration time of telmisartan on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring parameters and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in patients with primary mild to moderate hypertension [替米沙坦不同给药时间对轻中度原发性高血压病患者动态血压监测参数及超敏C反应蛋白水平的影响]. Evaluation and Analysis of Drug-Use in Hospitals of China (中国医院用药评价与分析) 2019;19(3):312-4.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Belolipetskaya 2009 {published data only}
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