We combine histogram reweighting techniques with the two-lattice matching Monte Carlo renormalization group method to conduct computationally efficient calculations of critical exponents on systems with moderately small lattice sizes. The approach, which relies on the construction of renormalization group mappings between two systems of identical lattice size to partially eliminate finite-size effects, and the use of histogram reweighting to obtain computationally efficient results in extended regions of parameter space, is utilized to explicitly determine the renormalized coupling parameters of the two-dimensional ϕ^{4} scalar field theory and to extract multiple critical exponents. We conclude by quantifying the computational benefits of the approach and discuss how reweighting opens up the opportunity to extend Monte Carlo renormalization group methods to systems with complex-valued actions.