Despite developments in circulating biomarker and imaging technology in the assessment of cardiovascular disease, the surveillance and diagnosis of heart transplant rejection has continued to rely on histopathologic interpretation of the endomyocardial biopsy. Increasing evidence shows the utility of molecular evaluations, such as donor-specific antibodies and donor-derived cell-free DNA, as well as advanced imaging techniques, such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, in the assessment of rejection, resulting in the elimination of many surveillance endomyocardial biopsies. As non-invasive technologies in heart transplant rejection continue to evolve and are incorporated into practice, they may supplant endomyocardial biopsy even when rejection is suspected, allowing for more precise and expeditious rejection therapy. This review describes the current and near-future states for the evaluation of heart transplant rejection, both in the settings of rejection surveillance and rejection diagnosis. As biomarkers of rejection continue to evolve, rejection risk prediction may allow for a more personalized approach to immunosuppression.
Keywords: acute cellular rejection (ACR); antibody-mediated rejection (AMR); cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV); cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR); donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA); donor-specific antibody (DSA); endomyocardial biopsy (EMB); gene expression profiling (GEP).
© 2024 Goldberg, Mehta, Bahniwal, Agbor-Enoh and Shah.