The objective of the present study was to investigate whether oxytocin is released in response to feeding in analogy to the response induced by suckling. Therefore, repeated plasma samples were drawn from dogs and pigs during feeding and suckling and oxytocin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. As expected suckling gave rise to immediate and short-lasting increases of oxytocin levels in both species. More surprisingly, feeding in female and male dogs as well as in lactating sows was accompanied by a similar-sized rise of oxytocin levels. The oxytocin peak sometimes occurred before the actual period of suckling or feeding, suggesting that the output of oxytocin had been conditioned to visual, olfactory or auditory stimuli associated with both types of situations. It is well known that oxytocin is released in lactating animals in response to touching of the teats. It is possible that also the presence of food in the gastro-intestinal tract activates neurogenic mechanisms which stimulates the release of oxytocin. Since oxytocin causes a release of insulin and VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide), peptides which appear in the circulation following both suckling and feeding, it is suggested that oxytocin may be involved in the control of the suckling- and feeding-related output of these peptides.