Objectives: Evaluate the ability of strontium fluoride on bond strength and enamel integrity after incorporation within orthodontic adhesive system as a delivery vehicle.
Methods: Experimental orthodontic adhesive system Transbond™ XT were modified with 1% Sr2+, 0.5% SrF2, 1% strontium, 0.5% Sr2+, 1% F-, 0.5% F-, and no additions were control. Mixing of formulation was monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Small-molecule drug-discovery suite was used to gain insights into Sr2+, F-, and SrF2 binding. Shear bond testing was performed after 6-months of ageing. Enamel blocks were cut, and STEM pictures were recorded. Specimens were indented to evaluate elastic modulus. Raman microscope was used to collect Raman spectra and inspected using a scanning electron microscope. Crystal structural analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction. Effect of material on cellular proliferation was determined. Confocal was performed to evaluate the effect of formulation on biofilms.
Results: FTIR of modified adhesives depicted peak changes within range due to various functional groups existing within samples. TEM represented structurally optimized hexagonal unit-cell of hydroxyapatite. Mean shear bond strength is recorded highest for Transbond XT with 1% SrF2. Dead bacterial percentage appeared higher in 0.5% SrF2 and 1% F- specimens. Crystal lengths showed an increase in 0.5% and 1% SrF2 specimens. Phase contrast within TEM images showed a union of 0.5% SrF2 crystal with enamel crystal with higher elastic modulus and highly mineralized crystalline hydroxyapatite. Intensity of ν1 PO43- and ν1 CO32- along with carbonate - / ν1PO43- ratio displayed good association with strontium fluoride. The formulation showed acceptable cell biocompatibility (p < 0.353). All specimens displayed characteristic diffraction maxima of different apatite angles within XRD.
Significance: Experimental results suggested good biocompatibility, adequate mechanical strength, and far-ranging crystallization ability. This would provide a new strategy to overcome the two major challenges of fixed orthodontics, biofilm growth, and demineralization of enamel.
Keywords: Nano-indentation; Remineralization; STEM, scanning electron microscopy; Strontium, laser Raman.
Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.