The Implications of Socioeconomic Status by ZIP Code on Maternal-Fetal Morbidity and Mortality in San Antonio, Texas

Vaishnavi J Patel; Victoria Delano; Aishwarya Juttu; Huraiya Adhora; Aroob Zaheer; Leticia Vargas; Blaine Jacobs

doi:10.7759/cureus.54636

The Implications of Socioeconomic Status by ZIP Code on Maternal-Fetal Morbidity and Mortality in San Antonio, Texas

Cureus. 2024 Feb 21;16(2):e54636. doi: 10.7759/cureus.54636. eCollection 2024 Feb.

Authors

Vaishnavi J Patel¹, Victoria Delano¹, Aishwarya Juttu¹, Huraiya Adhora¹, Aroob Zaheer¹, Leticia Vargas^{2

3}, Blaine Jacobs⁴

Affiliations

¹ Office of Research and Innovation, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA.
² Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Metropolitan Methodist Hospital, San Antonio, USA.
³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA.
⁴ Department of Pharmacology, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA.

Abstract

Introduction Over the past 20 years, the number of pregnancy-related fatalities in the United States has been on the rise. Increases in maternal and fetal mortality have been attributed to low socioeconomic status (SES). This raises the question of whether all geographical locations are proportionally affected by this upward trend in pregnancy-related fatalities. San Antonio is one of the largest cities in the United States and is known for its economic segregation. This study aims to compare the maternal and fetal health outcomes of mothers from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds in San Antonio, Texas. Methods To analyze the relationship between pregnancy-related mortality rates and SES in San Antonio, Texas, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes for maternal and fetal demise and their associated risk factors were identified. The ICD-10 codes were used to compare the health outcomes of pregnant women from the highest SES ZIP Code (78255, median income $124,397) to women from the lowest SES ZIP Code (78207, median income $25,415) using the Texas Inpatient Public Use Data File for 2016, which contains information on 93-97% of all hospital discharges in San Antonio, Texas. Results Notably, pregnant women from the high SES ZIP Code were admitted to the hospital from clinics or a physician's office (68.8%), while pregnant women from the low SES ZIP Code were admitted to the hospital from non-healthcare facilities like home or workplace (62.5%). In addition, a greater percentage of patients from the low SES ZIP Code were Black (4.3% vs 1.3%) or Hispanic (88.5% vs 35.1%). Compared to women from the high SES ZIP Code, women from the low SES ZIP Code experienced more fetal deaths and a higher prevalence of maternal and fetal risk factors such as obesity (47.6% vs 32.5%), asthma (1.7% vs 1.3%), hypertension (0.8% vs 0%), substance abuse (0.5% vs 0%), diabetes mellitus (9.8% vs 7.8%), preeclampsia (7.7% vs 2.6%), and multiple C-sections (35.5% vs 28.6%). Finally, fetal mortality rates were higher in the low SES ZIP Code (1.1% vs 0%). Although there were no statistically significant maternal or fetal mortality differences between the ZIP Codes, the trend suggests that women's health outcomes in San Antonio are not equitable. Discussion Analysis reveals disproportionate health outcomes for women in south San Antonio. Further investigation is warranted to better understand the role social and medical factors play in these results. Investigating the relationship between SES and pregnancy-related mortality can help to better inform healthcare providers and identify ways to improve women's health outcomes in San Antonio, Texas.

Keywords: fetal mortality; healthcare access; healthcare quality; healthcare resources; maternal mortality; racial disparities; risk factors; san antonio; socioeconomic status; zip code disparities.