Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with invasive fungal sinusitis (invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, IFR) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and explored the risk factors for IFR after allo-HSCT. Methods: Nineteen patients with IFR after allo-HSCT at Peking University People's Hospital from January 2012 to December 2021 were selected as the study group, and 95 patients without IFR after allo-HSCT during this period were randomly selected as the control group (1:5 ratio) . Results: Nineteen patients, including 10 males and 9 females, had IFR after allo-HSCT. The median age was 36 (10-59) years. The median IFR onset time was 68 (9-880) days after allo-HSCT. There were seven patients with acute myeloid leukemia, five with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, two with myelodysplastic syndrome, two with chronic myeloid leukemia, one with acute mixed-cell leukemia, one with multiple myeloma, and one with T-lymphoblastic lymph node tumor. There were 13 confirmed cases and 6 clinically diagnosed cases. The responsible fungus was Mucor in two cases, Rhizopus in four, Aspergillus in four, and Candida in three. Five patients received combined treatment comprising amphotericin B and posaconazole, one patient received combined treatment comprising voriconazole and posaconazole, nine patients received voriconazole, and four patients received amphotericin B. In addition to antifungal treatment, 10 patients underwent surgery. After antifungal treatment and surgery, 15 patients achieved a response, including 13 patients with a complete response and 2 patients with a partial response. Multivariate analysis revealed that neutropenia before transplantation (P=0.021) , hemorrhagic cystitis after transplantation (P=0.012) , delayed platelet engraftment (P=0.008) , and lower transplant mononuclear cell count (P=0.012) were independent risk factors for IFR after allo-HSCT. The 5-year overall survival rates in the IFR and control groups after transplantation were 29.00%±0.12% and 91.00%±0.03%, respectively (P<0.01) . Conclusion: Although IFR is rare, it is associated with poor outcomes in patients undergoing allo-HSCT. The combination of antifungal treatment and surgery might be effective.
目的： 分析血液病患者异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎（IFR）的临床特征及预后，探索allo-HSCT后发生IFR的危险因素及预后。 方法： 纳入2012年1月至2021年12月在北京大学人民医院接受allo-HSCT后并发IFR的19例血液病患者，按照1∶5的比例随机选择95例同期未并发IFR的allo-HSCT患者作为对照组，对两组患者进行回顾性巢式病例对照研究。 结果： 19例移植后并发IFR患者中男10例，女9例，中位年龄36（10～59）岁，IFR中位发生时间为移植后68（9～880）d。急性髓系白血病（AML）7例，急性淋巴母细胞白血病（ALL）5例，骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）2例，慢性髓性白血病（CML）2例，急性混合细胞白血病1例，多发性骨髓瘤1例，T淋巴母细胞样淋巴结瘤1例。确诊13例（68.4%），临床诊断6例（31.6%）。病原菌分布：接合菌6例（31.5%，毛霉菌2例，根霉菌4例），曲霉菌4例（21.1%），念珠菌3株（15.8%）。5例接受两性霉素B+泊沙康唑联合治疗，1例接受伏立康唑+泊沙康唑联合治疗，9例接受伏立康唑单药治疗，4例接受两性霉素B单药治疗。除抗真菌药物治疗外，10例患者接受手术治疗，7例获得疗效。经抗真菌药物及手术治疗后，15例患者（78.9%）患者治疗有效，其中13例（68.4%）达到完全反应，2例（10.5%）为部分反应。多因素分析显示移植前中性粒细胞缺乏（P＝0.021）、移植后并发出血性膀胱炎（P＝0.012）、血小板延迟植入（P＝0.008）、移植物单个核细胞计数较少（P＝0.012）是移植后IFR发生的独立危险因素。IFR组、对照组移植后5年OS率分别为（29.00±0.12）%、（91.00±0.03）%（P<0.01）。 结论： IFR是血液病患者allo-HSCT后相对少见但对移植预后有严重影响的并发症，全身抗真菌药物联合手术治疗可获得较好的临床疗效。.
Keywords: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Clinical characteristic; Fungal sinusitis; Risk factor.