Skills training followed by either EMDR or narrative therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of childhood abuse: a randomized controlled trial

Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2024;15(1):2332104. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2332104. Epub 2024 Apr 17.

Abstract

Background: Individuals suffering from PTSD following childhood abuse represent a large subgroup of patients attending mental health services. The aim of phase-based treatment is to tailor treatment to the specific needs to childhood abuse survivors with PTSD with a Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation (STAIR) phase, in which emotion dysregulation and interpersonal problems are targeted, and a trauma-focused phase.Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare STAIR + Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) vs. STAIR + Narrative Therapy (NT) as treatments for PTSD following childhood-onset trauma in a routine clinical setting.Method: Sixty-eight adults were randomly assigned to STAIR/EMDR (8 STAIR-sessions followed by 12 EMDR-sessions) or STAIR/NT (8 STAIR-sessions followed by 12 NT-sessions). Assessments took place at pre-treatment, after each treatment phase and at 3 and 12 months post-intervention follow-up. Primary outcomes were interviewer-rated and self-reported symptom levels of PTSD. Secondary outcomes included symptom levels of depression and disturbances in emotion regulation and interpersonal skills.Results: Multilevel analyses in the intent-to-treat sample indicated that patients in both treatments improved substantially on PTSD symptom severity (CAPS: d = 0.81 to 1.29; PDS: d = 1.68 to 2.15), as well as on symptom levels of depression, anxiety, emotion regulation, dissociation and interpersonal skills. Effects increased or were maintained until 12-month follow-up. At mid-treatment, after STAIR, patients in both treatments improved moderately on PTSD symptom severity (PDS: d = 1.68 to 2.15), as well as on symptom levels of depression (BDI: d = .32 to .31). Symptoms of anxiety, emotion dysregulation, interpersonal problems and dissociation were not decreased after STAIR. There were no significant differences between the two conditions on any outcome.Conclusion: PTSD in adult survivors of childhood interpersonal trauma can effectively be treated by phase-based interventions using either EMDR or NT in the trauma-processing phase.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01443182..

Antecedentes: Las personas que sufren de TEPT después de la niñez representan un gran subgrupo de pacientes que asisten a servicios de salud mental en general, así como tambien a servicios especializados para TEPT. El objetivo del tratamiento basado en fases es adaptar el tratamiento a las necesidades específicas de los sobrevivientes de abuso en la infancia con TEPT con una fase de Entrenamiento de Habilidades en Regulación Afectiva e Interpersonal (STAIR por sus siglas en inglés), en la que se aborda la desregulación emocional y los problemas interpersonales y una fase centrada en el trauma, donde tiene lugar el procesamiento de las experiencias traumáticas.

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue comparar STAIR + Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por Movimientos Oculares (EMDR) vs. STAIR + Terapia Narrativa (TN) en adultos sobrevivientes de abuso físico y/o sexual en la infancia en un contexto clínico de rutina.

Método: Sesenta y ocho adultos fueron asignados aleatoriamente a una de las dos condiciones. En cada condición, el tratamiento consistió en un máximo de 20 sesiones (8 STAIR + 12 EMDR o 8STAIR + 12 TN). Se realizaron evaluaciones ciegas antes del tratamiento, después de la fase STAIR, 2 semanas después de la última sesión (ej. Post tratamiento), y 3 y 12 meses después del final del tratamiento. Las medidas de resultado primarias fueron los niveles de síntomas de TEPT calificados por el entrevistador y auto-reportadas. Las medidas de resultado secundarias incluyeron niveles de depresión y alteraciones en la regulación emocional y habilidades interpersonales.

Resultados: Los análisis multinivel en la muestra por intención de tratar indicaron que los pacientes mejoraban sustancialmente con ambos tratamientos en la gravedad de los síntomas de TEPT (CAPS: d = 0.81 a 1.29; PDS: d = 1.68 a 2.15), así como tambien en los niveles de síntomas de depresión, ansiedad, regulación emocional, disociación y habilidades interpersonales. Los efectos aumentaron o se mantuvieron hasta los 12 meses de seguimiento. A la mitad del tratamiento, después del STAIR, los pacientes en ambos tratamientos mejoraron moderadamente en la gravedad de los síntomas de TEPT (PDS: d = 1.68 a 2.15), así como tambien en los niveles de síntomas de depresión (BDI: d = .32 a .31).

Keywords: EMDR; STAIR; abuso físico en la infancia; abuso sexual en la infancia; childhood physical abuse; childhood sexual abuse; exposición prolongada; narrative therapy; posttraumatic stress disorder; prolonged exposure; terapia Narrativa; terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma; trastorno de estrés postraumático; trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy.

Plain language summary

The study directly compares Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation (STAIR) followed by either EMDR or Narrative Therapy in the trauma-processing phase in routine clinical setting.The brief phase-based treatment was found to be effective in reducing both symptoms of PTSD as well as emotion regulation and interpersonal problems in survivors of childhood abuse.Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in adult survivors of childhood interpersonal trauma can effectively be treated by phase-based interventions using either EMDR or Narrative Therapy in the trauma-processing phase.

Publication types

  • Randomized Controlled Trial

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Adult Survivors of Child Abuse*
  • Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing*
  • Humans
  • Narrative Therapy*
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic* / psychology
  • Treatment Outcome

Associated data

  • ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01443182

Grants and funding

This study was supported by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) [Academy professorship awarded to Paul Emmelkamp]. This study was supported by the Parnassia group (PsyQ).