Objective: Twin pregnancies are at an increased risk of stillbirth compared to singletons. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity, in both singleton and multiple pregnancies. Whether the contribution of FGR to stillbirth in twin pregnancies differs from that in singletons is yet to be determined. The main aim of this study was to determine the association between FGR and stillbirth in twin compared to singleton pregnancies. The secondary objectives include an assessment of the contribution of FGR to stillbirths, stratified by gestational age at delivery. Furthermore, we aimed to compare the association between FGR and stillbirth in twin pregnancies using the twin-specific versus singleton birthweight charts, stratified by chorionicity.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including pregnancies receiving obstetric care and birth at St George's Hospital, London. The exclusion criteria included triplet and higher order pregnancies, those resulting in miscarriage or livebirths at or prior to 23+6 weeks, or had a termination of pregnancy, or with missing data on the gestational age at birth. FGR and small for gestational age (SGA) were defined as birthweight <5th and <10th centile, respectively. While standard logistic regression was used for singleton pregnancies, the association of FGR and SGA designation with stillbirth in twin pregnancies was investigated with mixed-effects logistic regression models. For twin pregnancies, intercepts were allowed to vary for twin pairs to account for inter-twin dependency. Analyses were stratified by gestational age at delivery and chorionicity.
Results: The study included 95,342 singleton and 3,576 twin pregnancies. There were 494 (0.52%) stillbirths in singleton and 41 (1.15%) stillbirths in twin pregnancies (17 dichorionic and 24 monochorionic). FGR and SGA were significantly associated with stillbirth in singleton pregnancies, across all gestational ages at delivery (before 32 weeks- SGA: OR 2.36; 95% CI 1.78-3.13, p<0.001 and FGR: OR 2.67; 95% CI 2.02- 3.55, p<0.001; between 32-36 weeks- SGA: OR 2.70; 95% CI 1.71-4.31, p<0.001 and FGR: OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.78- 4.47, p<0.001; above 36 weeks- SGA: OR 3.85; 95% CI 2.83 - 5.21, p<0.001 and FGR: OR 4.43; 95% CI 3.16 - 6.12, p<0.001) A greater proportion of fetuses from twin pregnancies were diagnosed as SGA and FGR when singleton compared to the twin-specific chart was used (48.43% vs. 9.12%, and 36.73% vs. 6.23%, respectively). When stratified by gestational age at delivery, both SGA and FGR determined by the twin-specific charts were associated with significantly increased odds of having a stillbirth for those delivered before 32 weeks (SGA: OR 3.87; 95% CI 1.56-9.50, p=0.003 and FGR: OR 5.26; 95% CI 2.11-13.01, p<0.001), those delivered between 32-36 weeks (SGA: OR 6.67; 95% CI 2.11-20.41, p=0.001 and FGR: OR 9.54; 95% CI 3.01-29.40, p<0.001) and those delivered beyond 36 weeks (SGA: OR 12.68 95% CI 2.47-58,15, p=0.001 and FGR: OR 23.84; 95% CI 4.62-110.25, p<0.001), whereas the association of stillbirth with either SGA or FGR was inconsistent when analysed using singleton charts (before 32 weeks- SGA: p=0.014 and FGR: p=0.005; between 32-36 weeks- SGA: p=0.036 and FGR: p=0.008; above 36 weeks- SGA: p=0.080 and FGR: p=0.063). For dichorionic twins delivered before 32 weeks, the odds of an SGA or FGR fetus having a stillbirth was increased when analysed using twin-specific charts. In contrast, monochorionic twins delivered before 32 weeks showed lower and non-significant associations with stillbirth for both SGA and FGR cases using either twin-specific or singleton charts. In dichorionic twin pregnancies delivered between 32-36 weeks, the OR for stillbirth of SGA using twin birthweight chart was 6.70 (95% CI 0.80-56.46, p=0.059), and using singleton chart was 0.92 (95% CI 0.11-7.71, p=0.934) and statistically non-significant. Similarly, the OR for stillbirth of FGR using twin birthweight chart and singleton chart was 9.59 (95% CI 1.14-81.06, p=0.025), and 1.40 (95% CI 0.17-11.76, p=0.735), respectively. On the other hand, in monochorionic twin pregnancies delivered between 32-36 weeks, the OR for stillbirth of SGA and FGR using twin birthweight chart was 9.37 (95% CI 2.20- 37.72, p=0.001), and 13.55 (95% CI 3.12 - 55.94 p < 0.001) respectively.
Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a significant association between SGA, particularly for FGR, with increased odds of stillbirths in singleton pregnancies across all gestational ages. For twin pregnancies, when twin-specific charts were used, SGA and in particular FGR were associated with a significantly increased risk of stillbirth, across all gestational ages at delivery. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Fetal growth restriction; chart; fetal death; intrauterine demise; multiple; singleton pregnancy; small for gestational age; stillbirth; twin.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.