Concerns about instrumental variable selection for biological effect versus uptake of proton pump inhibitors in Mendelian randomisation analysis

Affiliations

• ¹ Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden shuai.yuan@ki.se.
• ² Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
• ³ Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden.
• ⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
• ⁵ MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
• ⁶ Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.