Bone morphogenetic protein in subaxial cervical arthrodesis: a meta-analysis of 5828 patients

Sufyan Ibrahim; Giorgos D Michalopoulos; Patrick Flanigan; Sarah E Johnson; Konstantinos Katsos; Arjun S Sebastian; Brett A Freedman; Mohamad Bydon

doi:10.3171/2024.2.SPINE23941

Bone morphogenetic protein in subaxial cervical arthrodesis: a meta-analysis of 5828 patients

J Neurosurg Spine. 2024 May 3:1-14. doi: 10.3171/2024.2.SPINE23941. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Sufyan Ibrahim^{1

2}, Giorgos D Michalopoulos^{1

2}, Patrick Flanigan², Sarah E Johnson^{1

2}, Konstantinos Katsos^{1

2}, Arjun S Sebastian³, Brett A Freedman³, Mohamad Bydon^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ 1Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; and.
² Departments of2Neurologic Surgery and.
³ 3Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.

PMID: 38701518
DOI: 10.3171/2024.2.SPINE23941

Abstract

Objective: Use of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-an osteoinductive agent commonly used in lumbar arthrodesis-is off-label for cervical arthrodesis. This study aimed to identify the effect of BMP use on clinical and radiological outcomes in instrumented cervical arthrodesis.

Methods: A comprehensive systematic review of the literature was performed to identify studies directly comparing outcomes between cervical arthrodeses with and without using BMP. Outcomes were analyzed separately for cases of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and posterior cervical fusion (PCF).

Results: A total of 20 studies with 5828 patients (1948 with BMP and 3880 without BMP) were included. In the ACDF cases, BMP use was associated with higher fusion rates (98.9% vs 93.6%, risk difference [RD] 8%; risk ratio [RR] 1.12, p = 0.02), lower reoperation rates (2.2% vs 3.1%, RD 3%; RR 0.48, p = 0.04), and higher risk of dysphagia (24.7% vs 8.1%, RD 11%; RR 1.93, p = 0.02). No significant differences in the Neck Disability Index, neck pain, or arm pain scores were associated with the use of BMP. On subgroup meta-analysis of ACDF cases, older age (≥ 50 years) and higher BMP dose (≥ 0.9 mg/level) were associated with significantly higher fusion rates and relatively lower risk for dysphagia, whereas arthrodesis of fewer segments (< 2 levels) showed significantly higher dysphagia rates without a significant increase in fusion rates. In the PCF cases, the use of BMP was not associated with significant differences in fusion (p = 0.38) or reoperation (p = 0.61) rates but was associated with significantly higher blood loss during surgery (mean difference 146.7 ml, p ≤ 0.01).

Conclusions: Use of BMP in ACDF offers higher rates of augmented fusion and lower rates of all-cause reoperation but with an increased risk of dysphagia. The benefit of fusion outweighs the risk of dysphagia with a higher BMP dose in older patients being operated on for < 2 levels. The use of BMP in PCF seems to have a less important effect on clinical and radiological outcomes.

Keywords: Neck Disability Index; anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; bone morphogenetic protein; cervical arthrodesis; dysphagia; neck pain; posterior cervical fusion.